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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. IN11919 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Global Food Prices and Food Security May 2, 2022 Russia s invasion of Ukraine has impacts on global food security. Since February 24, 2022, a humanitarian and economic crisis has unfolded in Ukraine, limiting Ukrainian exports of food and agricultural commodities, and affecting millions of people in Ukraine and the region, including more than ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. R45328 |
Title
Designing Congressional Commissions: Background and Considerations for Congress Updated May 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45328 SUMMARY Designing Congressional Commissions: Background and Considerations for Congress Congressional advisory commissions are temporary entities established by Congress to provide advice, make recommendations for changes in ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10739 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Refining Reed: City of Austin Updates Test for Content-Based Speech Restrictions May 2, 2022 The Supreme Court s April 21, 2022, decision in City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC is the latest development in the Court s free speech jurisprudence on content neutrality. Content neutrality is important because it largely determines the level of scrutiny that a ...
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| Date April 29, 2022 |
Report No. R47082 |
Title
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change s Sixth Assessment Report April 29, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47082 SUMMARY Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change s Sixth Assessment Report R47082 April 29, 2022 Jonathan D. Haskett In 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released Climate Change 2021: Analyst in Environmental Policy The ...
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| Date April 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF12087 |
Title
April 29, 2022 FY2023 Budget Request for the Military Health System On March 28, 2022, President Biden submitted his Fiscal Year (FY) 2023 budget request to Congress. Discretionary funding in the Department of Defense (DOD) budget request totals $773.0 billion, including $55.8 billion (7.2%) to fund the Military Health System (MHS), which delivers certain health entitlements under Chapter 55 of ...
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| Date April 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11909 |
Title
Updated April 29, 2022 Offshore Oil and Gas: Leasing Pause, Federal Leasing Review, and Current Issues Offshore oil and gas leasing has been affected by executive branch actions pertaining to energy leasing on all federal lands. On January 27, 2021, President Joe Biden issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14008, directing multiple actions to address climate change. Section 208 of the order directed the ...
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| Date April 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF12088 |
Title
April 29, 2022 Legislation Partially Addresses Fatal Duck Boat Accidents Amphibious passenger vehicles (APVs), widely known as duck boats, are tourist vehicles designed to drive on roads and operate as boats in water. Several fatal accidents have drawn attention to potential shortcomings in regulation of these unique vehicles (also known while afloat as vessels ), which are subject to oversight by ...
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| Date April 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF12089 |
Title
April 29, 2022 U.S. Citizenship Through Military Service and Options for Military Relatives Overview Obtaining U.S. citizenship provides certain benefits to immigrants, including the right to vote, security from deportation, and eligibility for a U.S. passport. Congress has provided opportunities for citizenship through qualifying military service since the Civil War. The Immigration and ...
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| Date April 28, 2022 |
Report No. R44825 |
Title
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Legislative History Updated April 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44825 SUMMARY The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Legislative History The earned income tax credit (EITC), when first enacted on a temporary basis in 1975, was a modest tax credit that provided financial assistance to low-income, working families with ...
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| Date April 28, 2022 |
Report No. R46971 |
Title
Agricultural Conservation: FY2022 Appropriations Updated April 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46971 SUMMARY Agricultural Conservation: FY2022 Appropriations The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-103, Division A) includes funding ...
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| Date April 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10737 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Equal Protection Does Not Mean Equal SSI Benefits for Puerto Rico Residents, Says Supreme Court April 28, 2022 On April 21, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Vaello-Madero, a case asking whether the equal protection guarantee in the U.S. Constitution s Fifth Amendment requires Congress to provide the same federal benefits (specifically, Supplemental Security ...
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| Date April 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10736 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Recent Litigation over the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases April 28, 2022 Recent litigation over the activity of an executive branch working group has the potential to introduce uncertainty into how federal agencies consider the social cost of greenhouse gas (SC-GHG) emissions in their decisions. As discussed in a CRS In Focus, SC-GHG is an estimate of the economic impact of the ...
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| Date April 28, 2022 |
Report No. R47081 |
Title
The State Secrets Privilege: National Security Information in Civil Litigation April 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47081 SUMMARY The State Secrets Privilege: National Security Information in Civil Litigation R47081 April 28, 2022 Jennifer K. Elsea Over time, the Supreme Court of the United States has developed the common law doctrine Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date April 27, 2022 |
Report No. RL33243 |
Title
Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs and Funding Updated April 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33243 Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs and Funding Summary The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance ...
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| Date April 27, 2022 |
Report No. R46972 |
Title
Information Technology Spending in the President s Budget Submission: In Brief Updated April 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46972 Information Technology Spending in the President s Budget Submission: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date April 27, 2022 |
Report No. R47079 |
Title
Unemployment Insurance: Program Integrity and Fraud Concerns Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic Response April 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47079 SUMMARY Unemployment Insurance: Program Integrity and Fraud Concerns Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic Response R47079 April 27, 2022 Katelin P. Isaacs Specialist in Income Security The COVID-19 pandemic and ...
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| Date April 27, 2022 |
Report No. IN11918 |
Title
INSIGHTi Inflation-Adjusted House Member Office Staff Pay Levels, Selected Positions, March 2022 April 27, 2022 P.L. 117-103, the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, enacted on March 15, 2022, provided an approximately 21% increase in the House Members Representational Allowance (MRA). The MRA provides funding for Member office activities including staff (see CRS Report R40962, Members ...
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| Date April 27, 2022 |
Report No. IN11852 |
Title
INSIGHTi Changes to Operational Transparency and Performance Measurement in the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 Updated April 27, 2022 Postal reform has been a subject of sustained congressional interest for many years. The Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 (PSRA; P.L. 117-108) established statutory performance targets, the creation of a publicly accessible performance dashboard, and new ...
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| Date April 26, 2022 |
Report No. R45152 |
Title
Tax Incentives for Opportunity Zones Updated April 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45152 SUMMARY Tax Incentives for Opportunity Zones The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97) temporarily authorized Opportunity Zone (OZ) tax incentives, which are intended to encourage private investment in economically distressed communities. OZ tax incentives are allowed for ...
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| Date April 26, 2022 |
Report No. R47080 |
Title
Child Welfare in the President s FY2023 Budget April 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47080 SUMMARY Child Welfare in the President s FY2023 Budget The President s FY2023 budget requests $12.9 billion for child welfare programs authorized in Title IV-B and Title IV-E of the Social Security Act (SSA), the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) and ...
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| Date April 26, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10734 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Campaign Finance and the First Amendment: Supreme Court Considers Constitutionality of Limits on Repayment of Candidate Loans April 26, 2022 Campaign finance is back before the Supreme Court. In Federal Election Commission (FEC) v. Ted Cruz for Senate, the Court is faced with a challenge to a federal campaign finance law that establishes a $250,000 limit on the amount of post- ...
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| Date April 26, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10735 |
Title
Legal Sidebari International Neutrality Law and U.S. Military Assistance to Ukraine April 26, 2022 The United States, the European Union (EU), and others have supplied many forms of security assistance to Ukraine in the weeks since Russia s invasion. Recent U.S. assistance to Ukraine, discussed in an earlier In Focus, ranges from ammunition to anti-aircraft weapons to communications systems. At ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. R47077 |
Title
U.S. Immigration Courts and the Pending Cases Backlog April 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47077 SUMMARY U.S. Immigration Courts and the Pending Cases Backlog R47077 April 25, 2022 Holly Straut-Eppsteiner Analyst in Immigration U.S. immigration courts adjudicate cases according to immigration laws enumerated in Policy the Immigration and Nationality Act. ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF12085 |
Title
April 25, 2022 Congressional Gold Medals: Categorization of Proposed and Enacted Medals, 1973-2020 In 1776, the Continental Congress awarded the first Congressional Gold Medal to General George Washington for his wise and spirited conduct in bringing about the British evacuation of Boston. Since that time, Congress has awarded more than 175 gold medals to express public gratitude on behalf of the ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10732 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 18 April 24, 2022) April 25, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11685 |
Title
INSIGHTi Changes to Postal Regulatory Commission Administration in the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 Updated April 25, 2022 The Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-108, H.R. 3076) makes two potentially significant changes to oversight of the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC). First, the act changes the approval process for the PRC s annual appropriation. Under the new law, the PRC ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11880 |
Title
INSIGHTi Challenges for Taxpayers Filing in 2022 Updated April 25, 2022 In her latest report to Congress, National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA) Erin Collins described 2021 as the most challenging year taxpayers and tax professionals have ever experienced. Central to those challenges were large backlogs of unprocessed tax returns and unanswered taxpayer correspondence, mostly from the 2020 tax year. The ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11917 |
Title
INSIGHTi Political Transition in Yemen April 25, 2022 In April 2022, a truce went into effect between the Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG) and the Ansar Allah movement (aka the Houthis); the first nationwide truce in six years. Yemen s president subsequently resigned, reportedly under pressure from Saudi Arabia, which leads a coalition backing the ROYG in its fight against the Iran-backed ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10731 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Equal Rights Amendment: Recent Developments April 25, 2022 In February 2022, the Commonwealth of Virginia filed a motion with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) seeking to withdraw the state from a lawsuit challenging the Archivist of the United States refusal to publish and certify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) as part of the U.S. ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10733 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Privately Made and Unmarked Firearms: Overview of ATF Ghost Gun Rule April 25, 2022 On April 7, 2021, President Biden announced several executive actions seeking to address gun violence, including instructions for the Department of Justice (DOJ) to issue a rule addressing so-called ghost guns that lack serial numbers or other identifying markings. The announcement came amidst ...
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| Date April 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF11842 |
Title
Updated April 25, 2022 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2023 Overview The FY2023 judiciary budget request includes $8.64 billion in discretionary funds (an increase of 8.2% over the FY2022 enacted level), and $767.2 million in mandatory appropriations used, in part, to pay the salaries and benefits of certain types of judges and provide funds for judicial retirement accounts. Table 1. FY2022 ...
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| Date April 22, 2022 |
Report No. R47076 |
Title
Federal Broadband Data Sources: Frequently Asked Questions April 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47076 SUMMARY Federal Broadband Data Sources: Frequently Asked Questions Summary R47076 April 22, 2022 Rachael D. Roan Research Librarian This report provides an overview of select federal broadband data sources and answers frequently asked congressional ...
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| Date April 22, 2022 |
Report No. R47078 |
Title
FY2020 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) April 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47078 SUMMARY FY2020 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; ...
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| Date April 22, 2022 |
Report No. IF12083 |
Title
April 22, 2022 Intellectual Property and Technical Data in DOD Acquisitions The Department of Defense (DOD) relies extensively on the organizations that comprise the defense industrial base (DIB). These entities provide the products and services that enable DOD s business operations and warfighting capabilities. In some situations, DOD must also consider the need to obtain intellectual property ( ...
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| Date April 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN11914 |
Title
INSIGHTi Insurance, Cyberattacks, and War in Ukraine April 22, 2022 The potential for large, correlated losses has long made insurers wary of offering coverage for war damage. The first exclusions in insurance contracts for marine war risks appeared in the late 1800s. With the relative absence of wars fought on U.S. territory, insurance against war risks has primarily been a concern for the ...
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| Date April 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN11916 |
Title
INSIGHTi Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022 April 22, 2022 The Biden Administration announced plans to release up to 260 million barrels of crude oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) from October 2021 through October 2022. Oil stocks in the SPR were approximately 618 million barrels at the end of September 2021. Releases planned during this ...
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| Date April 21, 2022 |
Report No. R45861 |
Title
Russia s Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization Updated April 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45861 SUMMARY Russia s Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization Russia s nuclear forces consist of both long-range, strategic systems including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and ...
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| Date April 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF12081 |
Title
April 21, 2022 International Food Aid Programs: McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional Procurement The U.S. government administers international food assistance programs that aim to alleviate hunger and improve food security around the world. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers several of these programs, including the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child ...
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| Date April 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10729 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Nonstructural Shoreline Stabilization Projects, or Beach Renourishment, and the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) April 21, 2022 Coastal areas have often been popular sites for development for a variety of commercial, scientific, and personal purposes. The U.S. coastal areas are twice as developed as the rest of the country, and such development has been increasing. The National ...
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| Date April 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN11889 |
Title
INSIGHTi Designation of Ukraine for Temporary Protected Status: Impact and Other Considerations Updated April 21, 2022 On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale attack on Ukraine, a country of 43.7 million people. The United States and its allies have condemned the invasion, and are imposing trade and financial sanctions on Russia and enhancing their own military deterrence posture, while ...
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| Date April 20, 2022 |
Report No. R47075 |
Title
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA): Current Roles and Programs April 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47075 SUMMARY The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA): Current Roles and Programs R47075 April 20, 2022 Ling Zhu Analyst in Telecommunications Policy The National Telecommunications and ...
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| Date April 20, 2022 |
Report No. R41428 |
Title
Leaving Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Departures Data, 1989-2020 Updated April 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41428 SUMMARY Leaving Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Departures Data, 1989-2020 Members of Congress leave the House or Senate for a variety of reasons; these may include resignation, death, or chamber action during a ...
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| Date April 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF12080 |
Title
April 20, 2022 Controlled Access Programs of the Intelligence Community Introduction The Controlled Access Programs (CAPs) that the Intelligence Community (IC) has developed to further limit the sharing of the most sensitive classified information have raised questions for Congress. In response, as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act (IAA) for Fiscal Year 2022, (Division X of P.L. 117-103, ...
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| Date April 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47073 |
Title
Global Tuberculosis: Background and Issues for Congress April 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47073 SUMMARY Global Tuberculosis: Background and Issues for Congress R47073 April 19, 2022 Sara M. Tharakan Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world, infecting 10 Analyst in Global Health million people in 2020. Congress has ...
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| Date April 19, 2022 |
Report No. R45071 |
Title
SBA Office of the National Ombudsman: Overview, History, and Current Issues Updated April 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45071 SBA Office of the National Ombudsman: Overview, History, and Current Issues Summary The Office of the National Ombudsman, housed within the Small Business Administration (SBA), was created in 1996 as part of P.L. 104-121, the ...
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| Date April 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47072 |
Title
Gasoline Price Increases: Federal and State Authority to Limit Price Gouging April 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47072 SUMMARY Gasoline Price Increases: Federal and State Authority to Limit Price Gouging R47072 April 19, 2022 Adam Vann Fluctuations in gasoline prices, including supply chain concerns related to international events, Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date April 19, 2022 |
Report No. IG10032 |
Title
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2022 April 19, 2022 Author Information Molly F. Sherlock Specialist in Public Finance Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS ...
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| Date April 18, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10728 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 11 April 17, 2022) April 18, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12079 |
Title
April 18, 2022 Digital Wallets and Selected Policy Issues Digital Wallet Landscape A digital wallet is a software application that stores payment or account details to facilitate traditional payments that use bank and credit card details and/or cryptocurrency transactions. In addition, wallets facilitate peer-to-peer transfers, which have grown rapidly in recent years (Figure 1). This In Focus ...
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| Date April 18, 2022 |
Report No. IN11913 |
Title
INSIGHTi Public Transportation Faces Post-Pandemic Challenges April 18, 2022 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an unprecedented effect on public transportation agency budgets. Public transportation agencies have kept many buses and trains running, especially to support the travel of essential workers, but ridership and fare revenues have plummeted. Public transportation ...
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