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| Date May 31, 2022 |
Report No. R47122 |
Title
Department of Health and Human Services: FY2023 Budget Request May 31, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47122 SUMMARY Department of Health and Human Services: FY2023 Budget Request This report provides information about the FY2023 budget request for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Historically, HHS has been one of the larger federal ...
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| Date May 31, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10749 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 23 May 29, 2022) May 31, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date May 31, 2022 |
Report No. IN11940 |
Title
INSIGHTi Export-Import Bank: New Domestic Financing Initiative May 31, 2022 The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank or the Bank) has launched a Make More in America Initiative to support export-oriented domestic manufacturing projects. The initiative extends some of the Bank s existing demand-driven, export-contingent financing programs to a more domestic focus (see Table 1). The ...
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| Date May 31, 2022 |
Report No. IN11943 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Electricity Sector: Summer 2022 Outlook May 31, 2022 Ahead of summer 2022, federal officials have released several warnings about anticipated reliability risks and higher electricity prices compared to 2021. This analysis summarizes these warnings and provides additional information, should Congress consider oversight or other actions in response to these warnings. Demand for ...
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| Date May 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF10919 |
Title
Updated May 27, 2022 Permitting for Pesticide Discharges into Navigable Waters: Issues and Legislation in the 117th Congress Permitting requirements for using registered pesticides in or around the nation s waters has been a long-standing issue. Under the Clean Water Act (CWA; 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), discharges of pollutants into navigable waters are unlawful unless specifically authorized by a ...
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| Date May 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF11038 |
Title
Updated May 27, 2022 U.S. Gun Policy: Framework and Major Issues Federal firearms regulation has been a subject of continuous interest for legislators. In recent Congresses, a range of proposals has been introduced, with some seeking to ease various federal firearms restrictions or facilitate reciprocity in state treatment of persons authorized to carry firearms by other states. Other proposals ...
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| Date May 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF12124 |
Title
May 27, 2022 Automation, Worker Training, and Federal Tax Policy Technologies that partly or fully automate a variety of tasks are being used with increasing frequency in a range of industries and occupations. These technologies include robotics, machine learning, and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI). This increasing use of automation has fueled the concern that the substitution of ...
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| Date May 27, 2022 |
Report No. R42875 |
Title
FHA Single-Family Mortgage Insurance: Financial Status of the Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund (MMI Fund) Updated May 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42875 SUMMARY FHA Single-Family Mortgage Insurance: Financial Status of the Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund (MMI Fund) R42875 May 27, 2022 Katie Jones Analyst in Housing Policy The Federal Housing Administration ...
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| Date May 27, 2022 |
Report No. R47124 |
Title
2022 Invocation of the Defense Production Act for Large-Capacity Batteries: In Brief May 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47124 Congressional Research Service SUMMARY 2022 Invocation of the Defense Production Act for Large-Capacity Batteries: In Brief On March 31, 2022, President Joseph R. Biden issued Presidential Determination No. 2022-11, invoking ...
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| Date May 26, 2022 |
Report No. R43475 |
Title
FY2023 Budget Documents: Internet and GPO Availability Updated May 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43475 SUMMARY FY2023 Budget Documents: Internet and GPO Availability Every year the President submits a series of volumes to Congress containing the President s proposed budget for the coming fiscal year. The President s submission is required on or after the ...
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| Date May 26, 2022 |
Report No. R47114 |
Title
Oversight of Gain of Function Research with Pathogens: Issues for Congress May 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47114 SUMMARY Oversight of Gain of Function Research with Pathogens: Issues for Congress R47114 May 26, 2022 Todd Kuiken The term gain of function refers to any genetic mutation in an organism that confers a new or Analyst in Science and Technology ...
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| Date May 26, 2022 |
Report No. IN11877 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Updated May 26, 2022 As of May 26, 2022, the Biden Administration has submitted to Congress two emergency supplemental funding requests to address the crisis caused by Russia s invasion of Ukraine. The first, submitted on March 2, 2022, included $5 billion for Department of State, ...
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| Date May 26, 2022 |
Report No. IN11939 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia Sanctions and Cryptocurrencies: Policy Issues May 26, 2022 The G-7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States), the European Union (EU), and other countries have responded to Russia s expanded invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 with swift, coordinated, and broad sanctions designed to exert significant pressure on key Russian individuals and ...
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| Date May 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF12010 |
Title
Updated May 26, 2022 Military Applications of Extended Reality Although commercial and consumer industries have been investing in extended reality (XR) for decades, recent advances have expanded the number of potential applications for the U.S. military. Indeed, in February 2022, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering identified human-machine interfaces for XR as ...
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| Date May 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF12121 |
Title
May 25, 2022 Small Business Set-Asides for Federal Timber Sales Overview Small Business Eligibility Criteria Congress has a direct role in the management of federally owned forests, including the sale of federal timber. Congress established the Timber Sales Assistance Program in 1958, one of a several federal Natural Resource Property Sales Assistance Programs overseen by the Small Business ...
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| Date May 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF12122 |
Title
May 25, 2022 The People s Republic of China s Panda Diplomacy The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca or panda) is a rare and charismatic species that is native to China, which holds a natural monopoly over the species. Pandas generally are popular zoo exhibits, and highly sought after for display by zoos around the world. The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) has used pandas to pursue ...
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| Date May 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11938 |
Title
INSIGHTi Responding to State Fragility in Coastal West Africa May 25, 2022 In April 2022, the Biden Administration identified part of coastal West Africa Benin, C te d Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, and Togo as a priority region pursuant to the 2019 Global Fragility Act (GFA, Title V of Division J, P.L. 116-94). U.S. military officials and some Members of Congress have expressed concern over a southward ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47113 |
Title
Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview of the Issues May 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47113 SUMMARY Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview of the Issues Capital gain is the difference between an asset s market value and its basis (generally the original purchase price). The tax code treats capital gains more favorably than it does other forms of income, with lower ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. R43155 |
Title
Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs Updated May 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43155 Small Business Administration Trade and Export Promotion Programs Summary Approximately 166,384 small businesses in the United States currently export, accounting for about 26% of all U.S. exports ($341 billion of $1.32 trillion) and about 96% ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. IF12120 |
Title
May 24, 2022 China s Economic and Trade Ties with Russia Two developments in February 2022 the announcement by leaders of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation (Russia) of a strategic partnership that knows no limits and Russia s renewed invasion of Ukraine with tacit PRC support may raise new considerations for Congress about the deepening ChinaRussia ties. ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11935 |
Title
INSIGHTi Use of Defense Production Act Authorities to Respond to the U.S. Infant Formula Shortage May 24, 2022 On May 18, 2022, as part of a broader response to a domestic shortage of infant formula, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. issued Presidential Determination 2022-13 (the Determination), delegating several authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.) to ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11936 |
Title
INSIGHTi NIBRS Participation Rates and Federal Crime Data Quality May 24, 2022 Since 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigation s (FBI's) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program has collected and published annual crime data. These data are typically delayed by about nine months, and since 2020 the FBI has also released quarterly crime data. Although the release of 2021 crime data is not anticipated ...
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| Date May 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47112 |
Title
mRNA Technologies: A Primer May 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47112 SUMMARY mRNA Technologies: A Primer Decades of research on messenger RNA (mRNA) and related technologies enabled the rapid development of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Some experts believe that this success portends a revolution in medicine ...
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| Date May 23, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10746 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 16 May 22, 2022) May 23, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date May 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF12117 |
Title
May 23, 2022 U.S. Retirement Assets: Amount in Pensions and IRAs The Federal Reserve s Financial Accounts of the United States reported that the total amount of U.S. retirement assets (outside of Social Security) was $40.8 trillion at the end of 2021. Figure 1 shows the total amount of financial assets (in trillions of dollars) in pension plans sponsored by private-sector employers, state and ...
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| Date May 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11932 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tariffs and the Infant Formula Shortage May 23, 2022 The United States is experiencing a shortage of infant formula. The shortage is localized to the United States. Some analyses argue that high tariffs on formula impeded the development of foreign sources of infant formula for the U.S. market and exacerbated the U.S. shortage. As a result, tariffs are a focus of congressional attention, ...
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| Date May 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF11318 |
Title
Updated May 23, 2022 Negotiation of Drug Prices in Medicare Part D The 117th Congress is considering a number of approaches to address prescription drug prices and spending, including proposals to allow the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to negotiate prices in the Medicare Part D program. This In Focus provides an overview of how drug prices are established under Part D and describes ...
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| Date May 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11933 |
Title
INSIGHTi Inspectors General and the Implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act May 23, 2022 The COVID-19 pandemic brought increased attention to the risk of fraud and waste in large federal spending programs. Congress created substantial oversight for pandemic programs, but many Members have expressed concern with reports of fraud in some programs. As the Biden Administration ...
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| Date May 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF12123 |
Title
May 21, 2022 Infant Formula Shortage: FDA Regulation and Federal Response Some media sources report that as of May 8, 43% of infant formula was out of stock nationwide. This garnered widespread concern and significant congressional attention. This shortage may pose severe health risks for some infants. This In Focus provides an overview of initial federal response actions to the infant formula ...
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| Date May 20, 2022 |
Report No. R47110 |
Title
FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress May 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47110 SUMMARY FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) is policy legislation typically introduced and reported each year by the House Armed Services ...
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| Date May 20, 2022 |
Report No. R40082 |
Title
Medicare Part B: Enrollment and Premiums Updated May 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40082 SUMMARY Medicare Part B: Enrollment and Premiums Medicare is a federal insurance program that pays for covered health care services of most individuals aged 65 and older and certain disabled persons. In calendar year 2022, the program is expected to cover about 65 ...
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| Date May 20, 2022 |
Report No. IG10031 |
Title
U.S. Border Patrol Encounters at the Southwest Border: Titles 8 & 42 Updated May 20, 2022 Author Information Audrey Singer Specialist in Immigration Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date May 19, 2022 |
Report No. R46484 |
Title
Understanding Federal Legislation: A Section-by-Section Guide to Key Legal Considerations Updated May 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46484 SUMMARY Understanding Federal Legislation: A Sectionby-Section Guide to Key Legal Considerations R46484 May 19, 2022 Victoria L. Killion Federal bills are increasingly complex, making them difficult to understand for ...
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| Date May 19, 2022 |
Report No. IF11928 |
Title
Updated May 19, 2022 National Park Service: FY2022 Appropriations The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which includes 423 units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. System lands cover 81 million federal acres and 4 million nonfederal acres. As part of the Department of the Interior (DOI), NPS receives funding in annual appropriations ...
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| Date May 19, 2022 |
Report No. IF12113 |
Title
May 19, 2022 AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security AUKUS Overview Launched in September 2021, the Australia, United Kingdom (UK), United States (AUKUS) security pact is described by analysts as the most significant security arrangement among the three countries in a generation. Observers say the three allies launched AUKUS as a strategic response to China s growing military capabilities in the Indo- ...
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| Date May 19, 2022 |
Report No. IN11931 |
Title
INSIGHTi Funding of Postal Retiree Health Benefits in the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-108) May 19, 2022 Since FY2007, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has experienced annual net losses averaging $6.2 billion due in large part to retiree health prefunding payments that were required under the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 (PAEA; P.L. 109-435). The Postal Service ...
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| Date May 18, 2022 |
Report No. R47109 |
Title
Federal Financial Assistance and Civil Rights Requirements May 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47109 SUMMARY Federal Financial Assistance and Civil Rights Requirements As the Supreme Court has recently observed, Congress has broad authority under the Spending Clause of the Constitution to set the terms on which it disburses federal funds. Congress directs ...
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| Date May 18, 2022 |
Report No. R46380 |
Title
Guides and Outfitters on Federal Lands: Background and Permitting Processes Updated May 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46380 SUMMARY Guides and Outfitters on Federal Lands: Background and Permitting Processes R46380 May 18, 2022 Mark K. DeSantis Analyst in Natural Commercial guides and outfitters provide visitors to federal lands with a wide range of ...
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| Date May 18, 2022 |
Report No. R46936 |
Title
Legislative Branch: FY2022 Appropriations Updated May 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46936 SUMMARY Legislative Branch: FY2022 Appropriations The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (formerly Office of Compliance); ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. R46745 |
Title
State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination Updated May 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46745 SUMMARY State and Federal Authority to Mandate COVID-19 Vaccination R46745 May 17, 2022 Wen W. Shen The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines licensed or authorized by the U.S. Food Legislative Attorney and Drug Administration (FDA) are a ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10745 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court s Major Questions Doctrine: Background and Recent Developments May 17, 2022 Congress frequently delegates authority to agencies in general or broad terms to promulgate regulations that advance the goals Congress has identified. In a number of decisions, however, the Supreme Court has declared that if an agency seeks to decide an issue of major national significance ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. IF12109 |
Title
May 17, 2022 Social Security: Cost-of-Living Adjustments (COLAs) and the System s Projected Financial Shortfall Recent news articles have suggested that the historically large 5.9% cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) payable in January 2022 will have a negative impact on the projected financial shortfall of the Social Security programs. If inflation persists, another large COLA may be payable in ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. IF12110 |
Title
May 17, 2022 Thrift Savings Plan: Investment Issues The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) was created under the Federal Employees Retirement System Act (FERSA; P.L. 99-335; June 6, 1986). TSP is a defined contribution retirement plan for the civilian federal workforce and the uniformed services, similar to the 401(k) plans sponsored by many private-sector employers. TSP provides individual accounts that ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. R47107 |
Title
Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects May 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47107 SUMMARY Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects R47107 May 17, 2022 Christopher D. Watson Based on 2020 volumes, the United States ranked as the world s fourth-largest steel producing Analyst in Industrial Organization and Business country, second- ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10681 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Status of Federal COVID-19 Vaccination Mandate Litigation Updated May 17, 2022 In 2021, various federal, state, and private entities instituted Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination requirements to address the pandemic, particularly as the Delta variant a highly contagious strain of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) spread in the United States. The federal COVID- ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. IF12108 |
Title
May 17, 2022 Overview of the SEC Climate Risk Disclosure Proposed Rule On March 21, 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) voted 3-1 to issue sweeping proposed climate-related disclosure rules for public companies. In issuing the proposed rules, the SEC cited its existing statutory authorities under the federal securities laws specifically, the Securities Act of 1933 (P.L. 73-22) and ...
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| Date May 17, 2022 |
Report No. IF11933 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2022 Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2022 Three entities in the Department of the Interior (DOI) share responsibility for managing the nation s ocean energy resources on almost 2.5 billion acres of the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS). The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) administers offshore energy leasing and mineral development; the Bureau of Safety and ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. R47105 |
Title
Taxing Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Federal- and State-Level Tax Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic May 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47105 SUMMARY Taxing Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Federal- and State-Level Tax Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment insurance (UI) benefits have generally been fully subject to federal ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. R47111 |
Title
FY2021 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) May 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47111 SUMMARY FY2021 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. RS22294 |
Title
Social Security Survivors Benefits Updated May 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22294 Social Security Survivors Benefits Summary Social Security is formally known as the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. This report focuses on the Survivors Insurance component of Social Security. When a worker dies, his or her spouse, former ...
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