|
Date ↓
|
Report No.
|
Title |
| Date Feb. 22, 2023 |
Report No. IG10036 |
Title
The Small Business Administration s COVlD-19 Relief Programs To help small businesses respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVlD-19) pandemic, Congress authorized several new relief programs to be managed by the Small Business Administration (SBA). Congress s efforts to address COVID-19 s scal impacts on small businesses through the SBA resulted in a large increase in the SBA s operations and ...
|
| Date Feb. 22, 2023 |
Report No. IF12062 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2023 Russia s War on Ukraine: Financial and Trade Sanctions In February 2022, Russia launched a new, expanded war on Ukraine. The United States and allies responded with wideranging sanctions on Russia that are unprecedented in terms of their comprehensiveness, coordination, and speed. Many of the sanctions implemented by the Biden Administration and the 117th Congress target ...
|
| Date Feb. 22, 2023 |
Report No. IF12332 |
Title
February 22, 2023 Payment for Order Flow: The SEC Proposes Reforms The past few years saw an unprecedented surge in retail investor securities trading at major discount broker-dealers such as Robinhood, Charles Schwab, TD Ameritrade, and E*Trade. Among the driving factors are the zero trading commissions many now charge for trades. The nonexistent commissions are often subsidized by a ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. RL31980 |
Title
Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure Updated February 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31980 SUMMARY Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution provides that the President shall appoint officers of the United States by and with the ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. R46567 |
Title
National Emergencies Act: Expedited Procedures in the House and Senate Updated February 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46567 SUMMARY National Emergencies Act: Expedited Procedures in the House and Senate R46567 February 21, 2023 Michael Greene The National Emergencies Act of 1976 (NEA) provides Congress with expedited parliamentary Analyst on Congress and ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. R47167 |
Title
Border Carbon Adjustments: Background and Developments in the European Union Updated February 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47167 SUMMARY Border Carbon Adjustments: Background and Developments in the European Union A key concern among policymakers is that differing climate change mitigation policies could create a competitive disadvantage for some ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. IN12113 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Appointment of Black U.S. Circuit and District Court Judges: Historical Overview and Analysis February 21, 2023 This CRS Insight provides historical and statistical information related to the appointment of Black U.S. circuit and district court judges. Recent CRS analysis has also provided information about the demographic characteristics of circuit and district court judges confirmed ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. RS22477 |
Title
Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of House Bills Updated February 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22477 SUMMARY Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of House Bills A Representative who introduces a bill or resolution in the House is called its sponsor. Several Members together may submit a bill, but only the Member whose name appears first is considered its sponsor; ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10921 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 13, 2023 Feb. 20, 2023) February 21, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
|
| Date Feb. 21, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10492 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Policing the Police: Qualified Immunity and Considerations for Congress Updated February 21, 2023 Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have raised questions regarding how existing law regulates the conduct of police officers. While some of these issues are explored more broadly in other ...
|
| Date Feb. 17, 2023 |
Report No. R45706 |
Title
Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues Updated February 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45706 SUMMARY Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues R45706 February 17, 2023 Mark Holt All nuclear power in the United States is generated by light water reactors (LWRs), which were Specialist in Energy Policy ...
|
| Date Feb. 17, 2023 |
Report No. IF12330 |
Title
February 17, 2023 Retirement Income Security: Issues and Policies Older Americans are an economically diverse group with differing degrees of retirement preparedness. Median household income for individuals ages 65 and older (or aged individuals) was $51,906 in 2017 (CRS analysis of 2017 income data from the Health and Retirement Study linked with Social Security records). One-fifth of individuals ...
|
| Date Feb. 17, 2023 |
Report No. IN12112 |
Title
INSIGHTi Venezuela: Issues for the 118th Congress February 17, 2023 U.S. policy toward Venezuela may be shifting amid growing recognition that an array of sanctions and international support for an interim government since 2019 have failed to dislodge authoritarian President Nicol s Maduro. Within Venezuela, the Unity Platform of opposition parties has adjusted its strategy, deciding to compete in ...
|
| Date Feb. 17, 2023 |
Report No. IF11109 |
Title
Updated February 17, 2023 Defense Health Primer: Selected Contraceptive Services The Fiscal Year 2016 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 114-92, 718) requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to make contraceptive services available to all female active duty servicemembers. DOD regulations make these services available to all Military Health System (MHS)-eligible beneficiaries. DOD operates ...
|
| Date Feb. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R46697 |
Title
Noncitizen Eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Updated February 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46697 SUMMARY Noncitizen Eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal means-tested program that provides monthly cash payments to seniors aged 65 or older, blind or disabled adults, and blind or ...
|
| Date Feb. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12110 |
Title
INSIGHTi Strategic Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Sales: Buyers and Exports February 16, 2023 In January 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) concluded the largest emergency drawdown of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): approximately 180 million barrels directed by the President under authorities provided by Section 161 of the Energy Policy and Conversation Act of 1975 (P.L. ...
|
| Date Feb. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12114 |
Title
INSIGHTi Presidential Election in Nigeria February 16, 2023 Nigeria, the world s sixth most populous country, is scheduled to hold presidential and legislative elections on February 25, 2023. A credible process could further consolidate Nigeria s democracy and send the region a positive signal at a time of democratic backsliding in West Africa, though violence, logistical challenges, and risks of ...
|
| Date Feb. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47429 |
Title
Sea Mining: Frequently Asked Questions February 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47429 SUMMARY Sea Mining: Frequently Asked Questions Sea mining, or ocean mining, is sometimes considered as an alternative to land-based mining, especially in relation to increasing the supply of some critical minerals. Various concerns surround sea mining, including those ...
|
| Date Feb. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47425 |
Title
Cryptocurrency: Selected Policy Issues February 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47425 SUMMARY Cryptocurrency: Selected Policy Issues Cryptocurrencies are digital financial instruments exchanged across public blockchains, and recorded on ledgers, that do not require central intermediaries (e.g., commercial banks, central banks) for clearing and settlement. ...
|
| Date Feb. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF12127 |
Title
Updated February 15, 2023 Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Overview The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior, is responsible for the construction and operation of hundreds of large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 western reclamation states designated in statute by Congress. These projects provide water to approximately 10 ...
|
| Date Feb. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47397 |
Title
The 1% Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases (Buybacks) Updated February 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47397 SUMMARY The 1% Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases (Buybacks) The law commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169) includes a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded corporations. Stock repurchases are a way to ...
|
| Date Feb. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IN12109 |
Title
INSIGHTi Improved Oversight of Pathogen Research: Recent Recommendations February 15, 2023 Introduction The United States has multiple, overlapping policies that guide oversight of pathogen research. These include, among others: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) guidelines; Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP); U.S. Government Policy for the Institutional Oversight of ...
|
| Date Feb. 15, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10487 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congress and Law Enforcement Reform: Constitutional Authority Updated February 15, 2023 Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have generated heightened interest in the issue of reforming the policing practices of state and local law enforcement. As discussed in another Legal Sidebar, ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47423 |
Title
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2023 Appropriations February 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47423 SUMMARY R47423 Department of Veterans Affairs FY2023 Appropriations February 14, 2023 The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47323 |
Title
Using the Federal Income Tax System to Deliver Cash Assistance to Families: Policy Considerations Updated February 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47323 SUMMARY Using the Federal Income Tax System to Deliver Cash Assistance to Families: Policy Considerations The central purpose of the federal income tax system is to collect revenue to fund the federal ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47426 |
Title
U.S.-Colombia Security Relations: Future Prospects in Brief February 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47426 SUMMARY U.S.-Colombia Security Relations: Future Prospects in Brief Colombia and the United States have a two-decade partnership concentrated on mutual security issues. An early focus on combating narcotics trafficking and counterterrorism broadened to ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF12043 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2023 Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Climate Change In August 2021, the Biden Administration announced plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other air pollutants from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and engines through a series of rulemakings over three years (Executive Order 14037 of August 5, 2021, Strengthening American Leadership in Clean Cars and ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47424 |
Title
Federal Telehealth Flexibilities in Private Health Insurance During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency: In Brief February 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47424 Telehealth Flexibilities in Private Health Insurance During the COVID-19 PHE Contents Telehealth Coverage in Private Health Insurance ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10918 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 6 Feb. 12, 2023) February 14, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF10170 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2023 Al Shabaab Al Shabaab (Harakat Al Shabaab Al Mujahidin, Mujahidin Youth Movement) is a Somalia-based insurgent and terrorist group that U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) in 2022 labeled the largest, wealthiest, and most lethal Al Qaeda affiliate in the world today. AFRICOM reports that the group poses the greatest danger to U.S. citizens and interests in East Africa, and is a ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF11294 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2023 International Discussions Concerning Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), or weapons designed to independently select and engage targets without the need for manual human control, could enable military operations in communications-degraded or -denied environments where traditional systems may not be able to operate. LAWS are not yet in ...
|
| Date Feb. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IN12090 |
Title
INSIGHTi EPA s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund Updated February 14, 2023 On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 (P.L. 117-169), a budget reconciliation measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). IRA contains eight titles, each with some provisions that directly or indirectly address issues related to climate change, including the reduction of U.S. ...
|
| Date Feb. 13, 2023 |
Report No. R47314 |
Title
Offering an Amendment on the House Floor Under a Structured Rule: Current Practice Updated February 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47314 SUMMARY Offering an Amendment on the House Floor Under a Structured Rule: Current Practice Major legislation is usually considered in the House under a two-step process. First, the House agrees to a resolution reported by ...
|
| Date Feb. 13, 2023 |
Report No. RL32200 |
Title
Debate, Motions, and Other Actions in the Committee of the Whole Updated February 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32200 Debate, Motions, and Other Actions in the Committee of the Whole Summary The House of Representatives resolves into the Committee of the Whole, a parliamentary device designed to allow greater participation by Members in debate, to ...
|
| Date Feb. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF11414 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2023 Design of United States Paper Currency Paper money has officially been part of United States currency since the Continental Congress authorized a $2 note in June 1776. These first notes were designed as bills of credit to pay for the defense of the United States during the Revolutionary War. Between the ratification of the Constitution, which prohibited the coinage of ...
|
| Date Feb. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IN12108 |
Title
INSIGHTi FDA Regulation of Blood and Blood Products: Recent Draft Guidance on Donor Eligibility February 13, 2023 The nation s blood supply is largely managed by a network of independent blood centers and the American Red Cross, with oversight from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA s role includes making policy to determine who may donate blood to minimize the risk for transfusion- ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. R40913 |
Title
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs Updated February 10, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40913 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs R40913 February 10, 2023 Lynn J. Cunningham Senior Research ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. IF12141 |
Title
Updated February 10, 2023 Forest Service: FY2023 Appropriations The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS), conducting forestry research, and providing assistance to state, local, private, and international forest owners. FS is an agency within the Department of Agriculture, but it receives discretionary appropriations through ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. IN12106 |
Title
INSIGHTi Closing the Incident Period for the Stafford Act Declaration for the COVID-19 Pandemic February 10, 2023 On February 9, 2023, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced that on May 11, 2023, the agency will close the incident periods for all emergency and major disasters declared for the COVID-19 pandemic under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. IF12116 |
Title
Updated February 10, 2023 Opioid Block Grants Beginning in the late 1990s, the United States experienced a significant increase in opioid-related drug overdose deaths, which rose from 8,050 in 1999 to 68,630 in 2020. To address the rising rates of opioid use and overdose deaths, Congress created new opioid-specific block grant programs that provide funding to increase access to substance use ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. IN12096 |
Title
INSIGHTi Offshore Wind Regulatory Framework: New Developments February 10, 2023 The proposed rule would replace the existing ad hoc scheduling of offshore renewable energy lease sales with a requirement that DOI publish a schedule of renewable energy lease auctions it intends to hold over the subsequent five years. BOEM notes that the proposed change is intended to provide advance notice to ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10916 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Title X Parental Consent for Contraceptive Services Litigation: Overview and Initial Observations (Part 1 of 2) February 10, 2023 Enacted in 1970, the Title X Family Planning Program (Title X) is a federal program that provides grants to public and nonprofit agencies to deliver family planning and related preventive health services. The Program directs grantees to furnish such ...
|
| Date Feb. 10, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10917 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Title X Parental Consent for Contraceptive Services Litigation: Overview and Initial Observations (Part 2 of 2) February 10, 2023 This two-part Sidebar series provides an overview of Deanda v. Becerra, a legal challenge concerning parental consent for contraceptives and other family planning services funded by the Title X Family Planning Program (Title X). Enacted in 1970, Title X ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47415 |
Title
Budget Process Reforms Included in Debt Limit Legislation February 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47415 SUMMARY Budget Process Reforms Included in Debt Limit Legislation R47415 February 9, 2023 Megan S. Lynch The amount of money that Treasury may borrow is restricted by a statutory limit on the debt, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process which ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IN12093 |
Title
INSIGHTi Were the Discretionary Spending Caps Effective? February 9, 2023 The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25) was enacted after extended negotiations between congressional leaders and President Obama over increasing the statutory limit on the debt. The BCA addressed the debt limit while also addressing concerns over rising budget deficits by implementing several budgetary reforms. ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47418 |
Title
The Department of Education s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Improving IncomeDriven Repayment for the Direct Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions February 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47418 SUMMARY The Department of Education s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Improving IncomeDriven Repayment for the Direct Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IF12323 |
Title
February 9, 2023 The Social Security Retirement Age: An Overview Introduction Table 1. Age to Receive Full Social Security Benefits Social Security is a work-based federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of a worker s retirement, disability, or death. The Social Security full retirement age (FRA) is the age at which ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IF12325 |
Title
February 9, 2023 Title IX and Athletics: Legal Basics Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. 20 U.S.C. 1681. Although the statute does not mention athletics, long-standing regulations implementing Title IX provide that recipients may not discriminate based ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IF12326 |
Title
February 9, 2023 The IRS s General Welfare Exclusion The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has concluded that certain payments under legislatively provided social benefit programs that promote the general welfare are excludable from a recipient s gross income and thus are not subject to tax. The general welfare exclusion is not based on any specific statutory or regulatory authority. However, courts ...
|
| Date Feb. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IF12324 |
Title
February 9, 2023 Loss and Damage Associated with the Effects of Climate Change: Recent Developments Repeated scientific assessments have concluded, with increased confidence over time, that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with human activities have led to rising global temperatures and other changes to the climate. Small changes to the climate may bring benefits to some entities and ...
|
