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Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Overview (CRS Report for Congress)

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Release Date Revised Dec. 29, 2022
Report Number IF10460
Report Type In Focus
Authors Mark P. Sullivan
Source Agency Congressional Research Service
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Summary:

U.S. interests in Latin America and the Caribbean are diverse and include economic, political, security, and humanitarian concerns. Geographic proximity has ensured strong economic linkages between the United States and the region, with the United States being a major trading partner and source of foreign investment for many Latin American and Caribbean countries. Free-trade agreements (FTAs) have augmented U.S. economic relations with 11 countries in the region. Latin American nations supplied the United States with almost 25% of its imported crude oil in 2017 despite Venezuela’s declining production. The Western Hemisphere is a large source of U.S. immigration, both legal and illegal; geographic proximity and economic and security conditions are major factors driving migration trends. Curbing the flow of illicit drugs from Latin America and the Caribbean has been a key component of U.S. relations with the region and a major interest of Congress for more than three decades. In recent years, the United States has engaged in close security cooperation with Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to combat drug trafficking and related violence. Although most countries in the region have made enormous strides in terms of democratic political development since the 1980s, Cuba has remained under authoritarian rule and undemocratic practices have risen in several countries, particularly in Venezuela, which many observers view as a dictatorship under President Nicolás Maduro, and Nicaragua, which has grown increasingly repressive under President Daniel Ortega. High rates of crime and violence afflict a number of countries; in some, journalists and human rights and environmental activists have been targeted. High-profile corruption scandals have stirred strong anticorruption sentiment throughout the region, most prominently in Brazil, Guatemala, and Peru.