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Report No.
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11163 |
Title
April 3, 2019 2018 Farm Bill Primer: The Farm Safety Net Overview The federal farm safety net provides risk protection and financial support to U.S. farmers. The three components of the farm safety net are (1) farm commodity programs, (2) crop insurance, and (3) disaster assistance programs. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers the farm safety net programs. The 2018 farm bill ( ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11162 |
Title
April 3, 2019 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Marketing Assistance Loan Program Background The marketing assistance loan (MAL) program has been a significant feature of U.S. farm policy since the 1930s. The 2018 farm bill (Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, P.L. 115-334) extended the MAL program for 2019 through 2023 but with upward adjustments to the loan rates for selected crops (Table 1). For details ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11161 |
Title
April 3, 2019 2018 Farm Bill Primer: ARC and PLC Support Programs Background The Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) programs provide income support to covered commodities at levels above the price protection offered by the marketing assistance loan (MAL) program s loan rates. Participation is free for both ARC and PLC. However, a producer must sign up and elect ARC or ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11160 |
Title
April 3, 2019 The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund Tax: Background and Reauthorization Issues in the 116th Congress The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) provides an immediate source of funds for federal responses to oil spills and compensation for certain damages. The regulatory procedures of the National Contingency Plan establish a framework for coordinating a federal response with state and ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11165 |
Title
April 3, 2019 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Program Eligibility and Payment Limits Since 1970, Congress has used various policies to address the issue of who should be eligible for farm program payments and how much an individual recipient should be permitted to receive in a single year. In recent years, congressional debate has focused on (1) ensuring that payments go to persons or entities currently ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IN11090 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Increasing the BCA Spending Limits: Characteristics of Previously Enacted Legislation April 3, 2019 (IN11090) | Related Authors Grant A. Driessen Megan S. Lynch | Grant A. Driessen, Analyst in Public Finance (gdriessen@crs.loc.gov, 7-7757) Megan S. Lynch, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process (mlynch@crs.loc.gov, 7-7853) The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25), ...
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| Date April 3, 2019 |
Report No. IF11168 |
Title
April 3, 2019 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2020 Overview The FY2020 judiciary budget request totals $8.29 billion. This total includes $7.62 billion in discretionary funds (an increase of 4.9% over FY2019), and $669.8 million in mandatory funding, which is used to pay the salaries and benefits of judges. The judiciary also uses non-appropriated funds to offset its appropriations requirement. The ...
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| Date April 2, 2019 |
Report No. R45294 |
Title
HUD FY2019 Appropriations: In Brief Updated April 2, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45294 SUMMARY R45294 HUD FY2019 Appropriations: In Brief April 2, 2019 The programs and activities of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) are designed primarily to address housing problems faced by households with very low incomes or other special housing ...
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| Date April 2, 2019 |
Report No. R45660 |
Title
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2020 Budget Request Fact Sheet April 2, 2019 (R45660) Contents Introduction HUD President's FY2020 Budget Request Totals Gross Budget Authority Net Budget Authority Program Eliminations Funding Reductions Rental Assistance Legislative Proposals Figures Figure 1. Total HUD Discretionary Funding With and Without Savings from Offsets and Other ...
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| Date April 1, 2019 |
Report No. R45662 |
Title
FY2018 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) April 1, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45662 FY2018 State Grants Under Title I-A of the ESEA Summary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of ...
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| Date April 1, 2019 |
Report No. IF10749 |
Title
Updated April 1, 2019 Cyprus The island of Cyprus is located in the Eastern Mediterranean, 65 miles off the southern coast of Turkey. After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1960, Cyprus s success as a politically stable, united republic began to unravel in 1963, as relations between the Greek Cypriot majority and the Turkish Cypriots deteriorated. In 1964, the Turkish Cypriots, objecting ...
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| Date March 30, 2019 |
Report No. IF10381 |
Title
Updated March 30, 2019 Bureau of Land Management: FY2019 Appropriations The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages 246 million acres of land, nearly all in the West, under a multiple use mission. Uses of BLM land include livestock grazing, recreation, and preservation. The agency also administers onshore federal energy and mineral resources covering nearly 700 million acres of federal subsurface ...
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| Date March 29, 2019 |
Report No. R44934 |
Title
Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2019 Appropriations Updated March 29, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44934 Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2019 Appropriations Summary The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill contains funding for more than 30 agencies and entities. They include ...
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| Date March 29, 2019 |
Report No. IN11044 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Low Interest Rates, Part 1: Economic and Fiscal Implications Updated March 29, 2019 (IN11044) | Related Author Marc Labonte | Marc Labonte, Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy (mlabonte@crs.loc.gov, 7-0640) Since the 2007-2009 financial crisis, U.S. interest rates have been unusually low by historical standards. This Insight discusses the implications of low interest rates for ...
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| Date March 29, 2019 |
Report No. IN11088 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Cybersecurity: Homeland Security Issues for the 116th Congress March 29, 2019 (IN11088) | Related Author Chris Jaikaran | Chris Jaikaran, Analyst in Cybersecurity Policy (cjaikaran@crs.loc.gov, 7-0750) Introduction For policymaking purposes, cybersecurity can be considered the security of cyberspace. Taking this broad view allows policymakers to examine discrete elements of ...
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| Date March 29, 2019 |
Report No. IF11157 |
Title
March 29, 2019 Firearms Eligibility: Stalking- and Domestic Violence-Related Provisions in H.R. 1585 On March 27, 2019, the House Committee on the Judiciary reported, as amended, the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019 (H.R. 1585). This bill includes several provisions that seek to reduce firearms-related intimate partner violence (homicides and injury) by amending federal law to ...
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| Date March 28, 2019 |
Report No. R45656 |
Title
America s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions March 28, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45656 SUMMARY America s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions R45656 March 28, 2019 Elena H. Humphreys Congress has long deliberated on the condition of drinking water infrastructure and drinking ...
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| Date March 28, 2019 |
Report No. R45335 |
Title
Trade Related Agencies: FY2019 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated March 28, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45335 SUMMARY Trade Related Agencies: FY2019 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies (CJS) R45335 March 28, 2019 Keigh E. Hammond Research Librarian The Consolidated Appropriations Act, ...
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| Date March 28, 2019 |
Report No. R45652 |
Title
Assessing NATO s Value Updated March 28, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45652 SUMMARY Assessing NATO s Value On April 4, 2019, foreign ministers from the 29 member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are to gather in Washington, D.C., to mark the 70th anniversary of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty). NATO ...
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| Date March 28, 2019 |
Report No. IN11087 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT India's 2019 National Elections: A Preview March 28, 2019 (IN11087) | Related Author K. Alan Kronstadt | K. Alan Kronstadt, Specialist in South Asian Affairs (akronstadt@crs.loc.gov, 7-5415) Overview India, a populous South Asian federal republic, is about to undertake the largest democratic exercise in human history in seating a new lower house of Parliament, the 545-seat Lok Sabha. ...
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| Date March 28, 2019 |
Report No. IF11156 |
Title
March 28, 2019 Projected Economic Impacts of Climate Change As mandated by Congress, the U.S. Global Change Research Program produces regular National Climate Assessment (NCA) reports on the state of scientific knowledge about climate change and its effects on human and natural systems in the United States. Volume II of NCA4, published in 2018, examines the contributions of individual economic ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. RL34591 |
Title
Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy Updated March 27, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34591 SUMMARY Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy The federal government has been involved in providing housing assistance to lower-income households since the 1930s. In the beginning, the federal government played a role in ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. R45653 |
Title
Congressional Subpoenas: Enforcing Executive Branch Compliance March 27, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45653 SUMMARY Congressional Subpoenas: Enforcing Executive Branch Compliance Congress gathers much of the information necessary to oversee the implementation of existing laws or to evaluate whether new laws are necessary from the executive branch. While ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. R45650 |
Title
Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media Content March 27, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45650 SUMMARY Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media Content As the Supreme Court has recognized, social media sites like Facebook and Twitter have become important venues for users to exercise free speech rights protected under the First Amendment. ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. LSB10280 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Meet CRS s Law Librarians at the Spring Federal Law Update March 27, 2019 Research is the foundation of legal and legislative analysis. The Law Librarians in Research and Library Services (RLS) of the American Law Division (ALD) work directly with Members of Congress, committees, and congressional staff to locate, obtain, and compile primary and secondary federal and state legal ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. IF10841 |
Title
Updated March 27, 2019 Bureau of Reclamation: FY2019 Appropriations Overview Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 states west of the Mississippi River were built by, or with the assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior. Reclamation s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for irrigation to reclaim ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. LSB10212 |
Title
Legal Sidebari High Court to Determine Proper Method to Serve Process on a Foreign Government Jennifer K. Elsea Legislative Attorney Updated March 27, 2019 Update: On March 26, the Supreme Court held 8-1 in favor of Sudan, finding that the most natural reading of the statute requires the mailing of service of process directly and expeditiously to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of a foreign ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. IN11022 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Firefighter Assistance Grants: Homeland Security Issues in the 116th Congress Updated March 27, 2019 (IN11022) | Related Author Lennard G. Kruger | Lennard G. Kruger, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy (lkruger@crs.loc.gov, 7-7070) Background Structural firefighting which typically refers to fighting fires in residential, commercial, and other types of buildings is primarily ...
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| Date March 27, 2019 |
Report No. IN11085 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Defining Domestic Violence March 27, 2019 (IN11085) | Related Author Lisa N. Sacco | Lisa N. Sacco, Analyst in Illicit Drugs and Crime Policy (lsacco@crs.loc.gov, 7-7359) In 2018, the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) changed the expansive domestic violence (DV) definition that appeared on its website to the more narrow statutory definition used for grant programs. There is some ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IN11084 |
Title
INSIGHTi 2019 Midwest Flooding: FEMA and Other Federal Programs and Resources March 26, 2019 Introduction This Insight provides a brief overview of the major disaster declaration process and federal assistance programs potentially available to those affected by the current flooding in the Midwest. As authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 93-288, ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. RL33785 |
Title
Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs Updated March 26, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33785 Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs Summary This report discusses runaway and homeless youth, and the federal response to support this population. There is no single definition of the terms runaway youth or homeless youth. However, ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. R45635 |
Title
Categories of Federal Civil Service Employment: A Snapshot March 26, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45635 SUMMARY Categories of Federal Civil Service Employment: A Snapshot According to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the federal workforce consists of an estimated two million civilian employees. Federal law categorizes these employees into three ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IN11083 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT FY2020 Defense Budget Request: An Overview Updated March 26, 2019 (IN11083) | Related Authors Brendan W. McGarry Christopher T. Mann | Brendan W. McGarry, Analyst in US Defense Budget (bmcgarry@crs.loc.gov, 7-2023) Christopher T. Mann, Analyst in Defense Policy and Trade (cmann@crs.loc.gov, 7-0451) The President's FY2020 budget request includes $761.8 billion in budget authority for ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IN11089 |
Title
INSIGHTi How Would the American Family Act Change the Child Tax Credit? March 26, 2019 The American Family Act (AFA; S. 690/H.R. 1560) would significantly expand the child tax credit for low- and moderate-income taxpayers, especially those with young children. It also would eliminate the expanded child tax credit for higher-income families in effect from 2018 to 2025 as a result of P.L. 11597. ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. RS22654 |
Title
Veto Override Procedure in the House and Senate Updated March 26, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22654 Veto Override Procedure in the House and Senate Summary A bill or joint resolution that has been vetoed by the President can become law if two-thirds of the Members voting in the House and the Senate each agree to pass it over the President s objection. The ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. R45111 |
Title
The Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations Process Reform Updated March 26, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45111 The Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations Process Reform Summary The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123), signed into law on February 9, 2018, created a joint select committee of the House and Senate. The Joint ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IN11081 |
Title
INSIGHTi Israel and Syria in the Golan Heights: U.S. Recognition of Israel s Sovereignty Claim Jim Zanotti Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Carla E. Humud Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Updated March 26, 2019 On March 25, 2019, President Trump signed a proclamation stating that the United States recognizes the Golan Heights (hereinafter, the Golan) to be part of the State of Israel, based ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IF11152 |
Title
March 26, 2019 Federal Support for Homeless and Runaway Youth Since the 1970s, the federal government has funded shelter and services for homeless youth unaccompanied by their parents, including youth who run away from home. This brief discusses these and other federal efforts to support this population. Goal to End Youth Homelessness The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH), ...
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| Date March 26, 2019 |
Report No. IN10984 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Drought Contingency Plans for the Colorado River Basin Updated March 26, 2019 (IN10984) | Related Author Charles V. Stern | Charles V. Stern, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy (cstern@crs.loc.gov, 7-7786) The Colorado River Basin is a critical source of water and power supplies for seven western states and Mexico. The basin is in the midst of a long-term drought. Water levels at ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. R45168 |
Title
Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs: FY2019 Budget and Appropriations Updated March 25, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45168 Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Summary The Trump Administration submitted to Congress its FY2019 budget request on February 12, 2018. The proposal included $41.86 billion for the ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. R45629 |
Title
Federal Firearms Laws: Overview and Selected Legal Issues for the 116th Congress March 25, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45629 SUMMARY Federal Firearms Laws: Overview and Selected Legal Issues Firearms regulation is an area of shared authority among federal, state, and local governments. Individual states have enacted a diverse range of laws relating to the ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. R45631 |
Title
Data Protection Law: An Overview March 25, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45631 SUMMARY Data Protection Law: An Overview Recent high-profile data breaches and other concerns about how third parties protect the privacy of individuals in the digital age have raised national concerns over legal protections of Americans electronic data. Intentional intrusions into ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. R44618 |
Title
Post-Heller Second Amendment Jurisprudence Updated March 25, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44618 Post-Heller Second Amendment Jurisprudence Summary The Second Amendment states that [a] well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Before the Supreme Court s 2008 ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. R45630 |
Title
Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB): A Legal Overview March 25, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45630 SUMMARY Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB): A Legal Overview The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB or Board) is a quasi-judicial independent agency in the executive branch charged with protecting federal employees against improper employmentrelated ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. LSB10278 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Continuing Legal Education: What s Required and Opportunities for Members and Staff to Satisfy Those Requirements Cynthia Brown Legislative Attorney L. Paige Whitaker Legislative Attorney Andrew M. Winston Acting Section Head RLS Section Updated March 25, 2019 As members of the self-regulated legal profession, attorneys are required, under the rules of their state bars, to maintain ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. IF10697 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2019 Foreign Money and U.S. Campaign Finance Policy Introduction Federal campaign finance law and regulation prohibits foreign money in U.S. elections. The public record reveals little evidence that foreign money has intruded into U.S. campaigns systematically or decisively. Prohibited funds surreptitiously affecting campaigns in the United States nonetheless remains a policy ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. IF11146 |
Title
March 25, 2019 Global Trends: Malaria The United States has supported global malaria control efforts since the 1950s, including through the President s Malaria Initiative (PMI) since 2005. Malaria Prevention and Treatment The four strategies commonly thought to be most effective to combat malaria are listed below. Global Trends 1. Treatment with antimalarial drugs may include chloroquine, ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. IF11145 |
Title
March 25, 2019 Delegation of Federal Aviation Administration Certification Authorities to Aviation Manufacturers The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certifies pilots, aircraft, and aircraft components, as well as airlines and charter flight operators. It requires that aircraft and component design specifications meet safety standards and comply with regulatory requirements. Once an aircraft ...
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| Date March 25, 2019 |
Report No. LSB10279 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Has Judicial Deference to Agency Regulatory Interpretations Reached Its Final Auer? Daniel J. Sheffner Legislative Attorney March 25, 2019 On Wednesday, March 27, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments in Kisor v. Wilkie, in which the Court is asked to overturn one of the most significant and contentious doctrines in administrative law. That doctrine, first espoused by the ...
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| Date March 22, 2019 |
Report No. R45625 |
Title
Attaching a Price to Greenhouse Gas Emissions with a Carbon Tax or Emissions Fee: Considerations and Potential Impacts March 22, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45625 SUMMARY Attaching a Price to Greenhouse Gas Emissions with a Carbon Tax or Emissions Fee: Considerations and Potential Impacts R45625 March 22, 2019 Jonathan L. Ramseur Specialist in Environmental ...
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