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| Date Sept. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R46533 |
Title
Confirmation of U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations During Presidential Election Years: Frequently Asked Questions September 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46533 SUMMARY Confirmation of U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations During Presidential Election Years: Frequently Asked Questions R46533 September 18, 2020 Barry J. McMillion Analyst in ...
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| Date Sept. 18, 2020 |
Report No. RL33964 |
Title
Nigeria: Current Issues and U.S. Policy Updated September 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33964 SUMMARY Nigeria: Current Issues and U.S. Policy Overview. Nigeria is Africa s most populous country, largest economy, and leading oil producer. Successive U.S. Administrations have described the U.S.-Nigeria relationship as among the most important in sub- ...
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| Date Sept. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IN11507 |
Title
INSIGHTi Capital Markets and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act S. 945 and H.R. 7000 September 18, 2020 In May 2020, the Senate passed S. 945, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (HFCAA), and the House introduced H.R. 7000, a companion bill. These bills would require that foreign companies listed in U.S. stock exchanges be subject to the same accounting and audit oversight as ...
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| Date Sept. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IN11508 |
Title
INSIGHTi Elections Grant Funding for States: Recent Appropriations and Legislative Proposals September 18, 2020 The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and reports of attempted election interference have introduced new challenges for election administration that are ongoing, difficult for states and localities to manage alone, or both. Election security threats evolve, ...
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| Date Sept. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IN11506 |
Title
INSIGHTi Criminal Records Expungement and the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act of 2019 September 18, 2020 The Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act of 2019 (H.R. 3884; S. 2227) would expunge the criminal records of convictions for qualifying federal marijuana offenses and all related arrests for individuals no longer serving a criminal justice ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R42986 |
Title
Methane and Other Air Pollution Issues in Natural Gas Systems Updated September 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42986 Methane and Other Air Pollution Issues in Natural Gas Systems Summary Natural Gas Systems and Air Pollution Congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has often focused on ways through which the United States could secure more economical, ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R45687 |
Title
South Africa: Current Issues, Economy, and U.S. Relations Updated September 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45687 SUMMARY South Africa: Current Issues, Economy, and U.S. Relations R45687 September 17, 2020 Nicolas Cook South Africa, a majority black, multiracial country of nearly 60 million people, has cordial Specialist in African Affairs relations with ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R46532 |
Title
Intellectual Property Violations and China: Legal Remedies September 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46532 SUMMARY Intellectual Property Violations and China: Legal Remedies Concerns that the government of the People s Republic of China (China) fails to protect and enforce intellectual property (IP) rights, and thus harms U.S. IP rights holders, have been ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. IN11503 |
Title
INSIGHTi Marijuana and Restrictions on Immigration September 17, 2020 Marijuana is listed as a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), and has been on Schedule I since the CSA was enacted in 1970 (P.L. 91-513). The Schedule I status of marijuana means that it is strictly regulated by federal authorities, regardless of state regulations and laws, and its growth, ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10536 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Judicial Review of Actions Legally Committed to an Agency s Discretion September 17, 2020 Individuals and entities affected by a federal agency s action sometimes may be able to challenge that action in federal court. In some cases, an agency s governing statute specifically authorizes affected parties to bring suit challenging a particular agency action. But even when specific ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2020 |
Report No. IN11505 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Defense Community Infrastructure Pilot Program (DCIP): FY2020 Funding and Approved Projects September 17, 2020 Investment in infrastructure near military installations that supports servicemembers and their families is of continued importance to many Members of Congress and other elected officials. Congress legislated the Defense Community Infrastructure Pilot Program (DCIP) to help ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. R46530 |
Title
Police Reform and the 116th Congress: Selected Legal Issues September 16, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46530 SUMMARY Police Reform and the 116th Congress: Selected Legal Issues Nationwide protests during the spring and summer of 2020 related to police use of force have prompted calls for increased congressional regulation of federal, state, and local law ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. IF11648 |
Title
September 16, 2020 Medical Supply Chains and Policy Options: The Data Challenge The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed some areas in which the United States relies heavily on global supply chains. U.S. shortages of critical supplies of medical products have prompted congressional interest in better understanding U.S. import trends and domestic production capacity in certain ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. R46525 |
Title
Patent Law: A Handbook for Congress September 16, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46525 SUMMARY Patent Law: A Handbook for Congress A patent gives its owner the exclusive right to make, use, import, sell, or offer for sale the invention covered by the patent. The patent system has long been viewed as important to encouraging American innovation by providing an ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. IF11650 |
Title
September 16, 2020 Russian Private Military Companies (PMCs) Over the last decade, Russian private military companies (PMCs) have appeared globally in various conflicts. Observers believe the Russian government is increasingly using PMCs to project power cheaply and deniably. Russian PMCs often operate alongside local militias, volunteers, criminal groups, and other non-state actors. In many cases ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. IN11504 |
Title
INSIGHTi Burmese Soldiers Confess to Slaughtering Rohingya Civilians September 16, 2020 Two former Burmese soldiers have confessed on video to indiscriminately killing Rohingya civilians in 2017 under the direct orders of their commanding officers. The soldiers accounts are consistent with descriptions provided by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The confessions emerge at a time of growing ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2020 |
Report No. IN11502 |
Title
INSIGHTi Intra-Afghan Talks Commence in Doha, Qatar September 16, 2020 On September 12, 2020, Afghan government and Taliban representatives officially met to begin inaugural direct peace negotiations in Doha, Qatar, a significant moment with potentially dramatic implications for the course of the Afghan conflict. The United States, whose military involvement in Afghanistan is approaching its ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IF11467 |
Title
Updated September 15, 2020 Immigration: Public Charge Immigration law in the United States has long contained exclusion and removal provisions designed to limit government spending on indigent non-U.S. nationals. (NonU.S. nationals are referred to as aliens in immigration law.) Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), an alien may be denied admission into the United States or lawful ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2020 |
Report No. R41121 |
Title
Selected Privileges and Courtesies Extended to Former Members of Congress Updated September 15, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41121 Selected Privileges and Courtesies Extended to Former Members of Congress Summary After Members of the House or Senate leave office, they are afforded certain courtesies and privileges. Some are derived from law and chamber rules ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IF10418 |
Title
Updated September 15, 2020 Do Veterans Have Choices in How They Access Health Care? Introduction On June 6, 2018, the President signed into law the VA MISSION Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-182, as amended). Among other things, the act established a new Veterans Community Care Program (VCCP). Under VCCP, all veteran enrollees would be eligible for hospital care, medical services, and extended care services ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10491 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Expanding the Selective Service: Legal Issues Surrounding Women and the Draft Updated September 14, 2020 Should American women be required to register for the draft alongside their male counterparts? On March 25, 2020, the National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service (the Commission) released a report addressing this and other questions relating to military, ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IF11647 |
Title
September 14, 2020 Russian Law Enforcement and Internal Security Agencies Russia has an extensive internal security system, with multiple, overlapping, and competitive security agencies vying for bureaucratic, political, and economic influence. Since Vladimir Putin assumed Russia s leadership, these agencies have grown in both size and power, and they have become integral to the security and ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2020 |
Report No. 98-654 |
Title
Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government Updated September 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-654 Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Government Summary Although there are many opportunities in the federal government for internships, fellowships , and other work ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IF11645 |
Title
September 10, 2020 Distribution of Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Expenditures As Congress deliberates on authorization legislation for Army Corps of Engineers water resource projects (Housepassed H.R. 7575, Senate-reported S. 3591), it is considering how to direct the use of funding available for harbor maintenance. Harbor maintenance consists mostly of the dredging of navigation channels and ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. R45933 |
Title
Ebola Outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Emergencies or Enduring Threat? Updated September 10, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45933 SUMMARY Ebola Outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Emergencies or Enduring Threat? R45933 September 10, 2020 Tiaji Salaam-Blyther Specialist in Global Health On June 25, 2020, the World Health Organization ( ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IN11501 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Impact on the Banking Industry: Lag Between Recession and Bank Distress September 10, 2020 Economic recessions and financial crises can cause distress in the banking industry. Typically, there is a lag between the onset of a recession and the peak of bank industry distress. The economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could similarly stress the banking ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. R46296 |
Title
Trade Remedies: Antidumping Updated September 10, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46296 SUMMARY Trade Remedies: Antidumping The U.S. Constitution grants to Congress the power to regulate trade with foreign nations and levy tariffs. Since 1922, U.S. law and foreign policy have favored applying tariffs and duties equally to all trading partners. This principle, ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IN11499 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Federal Reserve s Revised Monetary Policy Strategy Statement September 10, 2020 After a two-year Review of Monetary Policy Strategy, Tools, and Communications, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced on August 27, 2020, revisions to its Statement on Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy. This statement, initially published in 2012, explains the Fed s monetary policy strategy for ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IN11500 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Impact on the Banking Industry: Conditions in the Second Quarter of 2020 September 10, 2020 The economic ramifications of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could cause borrowers to miss loan payments, potentially to the point of individual banks or the bank industry becoming distressed. How and to what degree banks will be affected is uncertain. Comprehensive bank ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46516 |
Title
Identifying TV Political and Issue Ad Sponsors in the Digital Age September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46516 SUMMARY Identifying TV Political and Issue Ad Sponsors in the Digital Age Since the 1930s, both Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have imposed specific requirements on the transmission of political and issue advertising by ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46518 |
Title
Russia: Domestic Politics and Economy September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46518 SUMMARY Russia: Domestic Politics and Economy Over the course of his 20 years of rule, Russian President Vladimir Putin has consolidated an authoritarian system of governance that has benefitted himself and a close group of colleagues and led Russia to take increasingly ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46489 |
Title
Industrial Loan Companies (ILCs): Background and Policy Issues Updated September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46489 SUMMARY Industrial Loan Companies (ILCs): Background and Policy Issues R46489 September 9, 2020 David W. Perkins Industrial loan companies (ILCs) financial institutions chartered by a small number of states Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46524 |
Title
The U.S. Energy Information Administration September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46524 SUMMARY The U.S. Energy Information Administration The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is the lead federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply and consumption. EIA was established in 1977 by the ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R45739 |
Title
North Macedonia: In Brief Updated September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45739 North Macedonia: In Brief Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Domestic Situation ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46517 |
Title
Evaluating Federal Financial Assistance Under the Constitution s Religion Clauses September 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46517 SUMMARY Evaluating Federal Financial Assistance Under the Constitution s Religion Clauses R46517 September 9, 2020 Valerie C. Brannon Federal and state governments have long offered support to religious organizations in the form ...
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| Date Sept. 8, 2020 |
Report No. R46521 |
Title
Political Campaign Contributions and Congress: A Legal Primer September 8, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46521 SUMMARY Political Campaign Contributions and Congress: A Legal Primer To help curb corruption in the political process and safeguard First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and association, Congress has enacted laws that regulate political ...
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| Date Sept. 8, 2020 |
Report No. IN11497 |
Title
INSIGHTi Cybersecurity: Recent Policy and Guidance on Federal Vulnerability Disclosure Programs September 8, 2020 The Trump Administration has released policy and guidance on vulnerability disclosure programs (VDP) for federal agencies. VDPs help organizations secure their information technology (IT) by allowing the public to discover and report weaknesses in systems in the hope that the ...
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| Date Sept. 8, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10535 |
Title
Legal Sidebari For Whom the FERC Tolls: Federal Court Rejects Agency Tolling Orders September 8, 2020 In Allegheny Defense Project v. FERC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) addressed the legitimacy of tolling orders, a longstanding procedural tool utilized by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to administer the Natural Gas Act (NGA). FERC s ...
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| Date Sept. 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF10401 |
Title
Updated September 8, 2020 Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes: A Vector Control Technology for Reducing Virus Transmission Background In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika virus a public health emergency of international concern. WHO defines such a public health emergency (1) to constitute a public health risk to other states through the international spread of disease ...
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| Date Sept. 8, 2020 |
Report No. IG10019 |
Title
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) September 8, 2020 Author Information Daniel J. Sheffner Legislative Attorney Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2020 |
Report No. R46515 |
Title
Supreme Court October Term 2019: A Review of Selected Major Rulings September 4, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46515 SUMMARY Supreme Court October Term 2019: A Review of Selected Major Rulings The Supreme Court term that began on October 7, 2019 was one of the most eventful in recent history. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic colored much of ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2020 |
Report No. IF11642 |
Title
September 4, 2020 Absentee Voting for Uniformed Services and Overseas Citizens: Roles and Process, In Brief Members of the military, their families, and overseas U.S. citizens face unique voting challenges. These can include delays in receiving or transmitting balloting materials; uncertainty about voter eligibility; and varying state, territorial, and local requirements. This CRS In Focus ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2020 |
Report No. IN11496 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Emerging Global Patterns of Financial Crime September 4, 2020 Criminal groups around the world are exploiting opportunities for illicit profit during the COVID-19 pandemic. As criminal behaviors shift, so, too, have the illicit financial footprints left behind. As Congress considers U.S. and international responses to the pandemic, it may also examine the emerging risks and ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2020 |
Report No. R46510 |
Title
PRWORA s Restrictions on Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Benefits: Legal Issues September 3, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46510 SUMMARY PRWORA s Restrictions on Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Benefits: Legal Issues R46510 September 3, 2020 Ben Harrington Legislative Attorney Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2020 |
Report No. R46512 |
Title
Trade-Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS) September 3, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46512 SUMMARY Trade-Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS) This report provides an overview of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 budget request and appropriations for ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2020 |
Report No. IF11550 |
Title
Updated September 3, 2020 Protecting Against Rogue Drones Rules for Unmanned Aircraft As of September 2020, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had registered about 1.7 million unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), often referred to as drones. More than 70% are operated by recreational users. FAA estimates that by 2024, about 2.3 million UAS, including 1.5 million recreational drones and model ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2020 |
Report No. R46513 |
Title
Federal Conservation Corps Programs: Options for Congress in Response to COVID-19 September 3, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46513 SUMMARY Federal Conservation Corps Programs: Options for Congress in Response to COVID-19 R46513 September 3, 2020 Mark K. DeSantis Due to the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, unemployment Analyst in ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2020 |
Report No. IN11495 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act of 1990: 30th Anniversary and Potential Issues for Congress September 3, 2020 Congress has demonstrated sustained interest in federal financial management and improvement through lawmaking and oversight. The Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act of 1990, enacted in November 1990, established both processes and institutions to address federal financial ...
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| Date Sept. 2, 2020 |
Report No. IN11494 |
Title
INSIGHTi Why Have Stock Market and Real Economy Diverged During the COVID-19 Pandemic? September 2, 2020 During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the stock market and the economy have experienced major turning points the economic expansion of more than 10 years ended in February, and the U.S. stock market ended an 11-year bull run in March. While the economy continued in a deep ...
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| Date Sept. 2, 2020 |
Report No. IF11521 |
Title
Updated September 2, 2020 Air Force F-15EX Fighter Program In FY2020, the Trump Administration proposed to buy eight F-15EX aircraft for $1.1 billion, the first installment toward a planned initial buy of 144 planes. Subsequently, Congress authorized $985.5 million and appropriated $1.05 billion for the program. The Administration s FY2021 budget requests $1.27 billion for 12 more F-15EXs; the ...
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