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| Date July 9, 2020 |
Report No. IN11454 |
Title
INSIGHTi Publicly-Traded Firms and COVID-19-Related Disclosures July 9, 2020 To restore confidence in the securities markets in the wake of the stock market crash of 1929, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act; P.L. 73-22) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act; P.L. 73-291). The Exchange Act created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a key regulator ...
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| Date July 9, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10455 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATE: Our Lady of Guadalupe and the Ministerial Exception to Antidiscrimination Laws Updated July 9, 2020 Update: The Supreme Court issued its opinion in Our Lady of Guadalupe on July 8, 2020, reversing the Ninth Circuit decisions and ruling that the First Amendment barred courts from hearing the teachers employment discrimination claims. Justice Alito, writing the majority ...
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| Date July 9, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10512 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Federal Banking Regulator Finalizes Rule on State Usury Laws July 9, 2020 On May 29, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) finalized a rule concerning federal banking regulation and state usury law that has pitted the financial industry against consumer advocacy groups. The OCC s rule addresses the scope of a federal law empowering national banks to export the maximum ...
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| Date July 9, 2020 |
Report No. IF11586 |
Title
Updated July 9, 2020 Proposed Extension of the Reclamation Water Settlements Fund Since 1978, the federal government has entered into 36 water rights settlements with individual Indian tribes. These Indian water rights settlements are a means of resolving ongoing disputes related to Indian water rights among tribes, federal and state governments, and other parties (e.g., water rights holders). ...
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| Date July 9, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10513 |
Title
Legal Sidebari When One Door Closes, Another One Opens: Supreme Court Ruling Restricts Challenges to CERCLA Cleanup But Could Expand StateLaw Claims July 9, 2020 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, also known as CERCLA or Superfund, places limits on how parties may challenge the scope of a plan to remediate hazardous waste contamination. On April 20, 2020, ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF10690 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2020 Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: An Overview Scientific research indicates that in recent years, the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing nationally and globally. They have been recorded in all 50 states. HABs can be detrimental to human health, pets, livestock, aquatic ecosystems, and the economy. operations (from manure ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF11597 |
Title
July 8, 2020 Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Dependent Care Flexible Spending Arrangements (FSAs) Dependent care flexible spending arrangements (FSAs) are a benefit that employers may offer employees. They allow employees to pay for certain dependent care services (e.g., child care, summer day camp, babysitting, and adult day care expenses) with pretax dollars. Dependent care FSAs are also ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IN11451 |
Title
INSIGHTi Trump Administration Releases Spring 2020 Unified Agenda July 8, 2020 On June 30, 2020, the Trump Administration released the Spring 2020 edition of the Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions (hereinafter Unified Agenda). The Unified Agenda, which is generally published twice a year, is a government-wide publication of rulemaking actions that agencies expect to take ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IN11452 |
Title
INSIGHTi Department of Energy Loan Programs: Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee July 8, 2020 The Department of Energy s (DOE s) Loan Programs Office (LPO) manages two loan guarantee programs: (1) Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program (TELGP), the focus of this Insight; and (2) Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program, the focus of a companion CRS Insight. Table 1 provides a high-level ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF11553 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2020 FCC COVID-19 Telehealth Program and Connected Care Pilot Program: Funding to Assist Health Care Providers and Patients Introduction Health care providers are leveraging telehealth, which generally refers to a health care provider s use of information and communication technology to provide a health care service, to meet patients health care needs during the Coronavirus Disease ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF11596 |
Title
July 8, 2020 Monuments and Memorials: Federal Criminal Law Protections On June 26, 2020, President Trump issued an Executive Order on Protecting American Monuments, Memorials, and Statues and Combating Recent Criminal Violence (June 26 Order). Among other things, the June 26 Order directed the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to prioritize prosecutions under existing federal statutes protecting ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF11497 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2020 CARES Act Higher Education Provisions President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020, in response to the COVID19 pandemic. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) was enacted on March 27, 2020, to address income, health, and economic security in response to the national emergency. This In Focus provides ...
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| Date July 8, 2020 |
Report No. R44871 |
Title
Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: Causes, Challenges, and Policy Considerations Updated July 8, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44871 SUMMARY Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: Causes, Challenges, and Policy Considerations R44871 July 8, 2020 Laura Gatz Analyst in Environmental Scientific research indicates that in recent years, the frequency and geographic Policy ...
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| Date July 7, 2020 |
Report No. IF11593 |
Title
July 7, 2020 Inland and Intracoastal Waterways: Primer and Issues for Congress The federal government improves and maintains a system of 12,000 miles of inland and intracoastal waterways with over 200 lock and dam chambers. This system facilitates the interstate movement of commercial cargo by barge. Commercial navigation on these waterways annually moves over 500 million tons of commodities, ...
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| Date July 7, 2020 |
Report No. R44722 |
Title
Proposed Multiemployer Composite Plans: Background and Analysis Updated July 7, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44722 Proposed Multiemployer Composite Plans: Background and Analysis Summary Multiemployer pension plans are sponsored by more than one employer in the same industry and are maintained as part of a collective bargaining agreement. The challenges ...
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| Date July 7, 2020 |
Report No. R44037 |
Title
Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 7, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44037 SUMMARY Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations U.S. relations with the Kingdom of Cambodia have become strained in recent years in light of Prime Minister Hun Sen s suppression of the political opposition and his growing embrace of China. The U.S. government has ...
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| Date July 6, 2020 |
Report No. IF11592 |
Title
July 6, 2020 Federal Support for Providing Housing to Individuals Experiencing Domestic Violence Introduction HHS Programs Domestic violence (DV) affects millions of people in the United States each year. In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that that an estimated 12 million adult women and men experienced contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by ...
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| Date July 6, 2020 |
Report No. IN11308 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: Restrictions on Travelers at U.S. Land Borders Updated July 6, 2020 New actions by the federal government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic restrict the entry of certain foreign nationals into the United States. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), within the Department ...
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| Date July 6, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10510 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Upholds Limited Review of Expedited Removal July 6, 2020 Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who lack authorization to enter the United States are subject to a streamlined expedited removal process, which affords fewer procedural protections to the alien than standard removal proceedings and typically results in the quicker expulsion of the alien from the United ...
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| Date July 6, 2020 |
Report No. IN11449 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. District Court Vacancies at the End of a President s Fourth Calendar Year in Office July 6, 2020 This Insight provides, from the Reagan presidency to the Obama presidency, comparative historical data related to U.S. district court vacancies and nominations that existed at the end of a President s fourth calendar year in office. Specifically, the data provided reflect district court ...
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| Date July 6, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10498 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Comparing Police Reform Bills: the Justice in Policing Act and the JUSTICE Act Updated July 6, 2020 On May 25, 2020, George Floyd died in the custody of the Minneapolis police after an officer pressed his knee into Floyd s neck while restraining him. That incident, others like it, and subsequent nationwide protests have sparked heightened interest in the federal government s ability ...
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| Date July 2, 2020 |
Report No. R46441 |
Title
Saving for Retirement: Household Decisionmaking and Policy Options July 2, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46441 SUMMARY Saving for Retirement: Household Decisionmaking and Policy Options R46441 July 2, 2020 Cheryl R. Cooper Retirement saving and financial planning have become more important for achieving financial Analyst in Financial security during ...
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| Date July 2, 2020 |
Report No. IF11591 |
Title
July 2, 2020 Diversity in the U.S. Department of State Foreign Service: Background and Issues for Congress Members of Congress, U.S. Department of State (DOS) officials, and other stakeholders have maintained a longstanding interest in ensuring that the U.S. Department of State Foreign Service workforce (hereafter, the Foreign Service) is representative of the American people, as called for in the ...
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| Date July 2, 2020 |
Report No. IN11448 |
Title
INSIGHTi CARES Act Income Support and Unemployment Compensation: Effect on Eligibility for Medicaid, CHIP, and ACA Premium Tax Credit July 2, 2020 The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) provides direct support to eligible individuals, including income support and unemployment compensation, among other provisions. Receipt of such support may have ...
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| Date July 2, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10509 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Rules That Excluding Religious Schools from Aid Program Violates Constitution: Implications for Congress July 2, 2020 Based on concerns about impermissibly supporting religion, many state constitutions bar state governments from providing funds to churches and other types of religious institutions even in circumstances where that support would not violate the ...
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| Date July 2, 2020 |
Report No. IN11447 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Closing of the New York Stock Exchange s Trading Floor Due to COVID-19 July 2, 2020 The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a major secondary market trading venue for corporate stocks. On March 18, 2020, the exchange s parent company, the Intercontinental Exchange Incorporated, announced that after several of the exchange s employees tested positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- ...
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| Date July 1, 2020 |
Report No. R43616 |
Title
El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 1, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43616 SUMMARY El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations R43616 July 1, 2020 Congress has had significant interest in El Salvador, a small Central American nation that has had a large percentage of its population living in the United States since the Clare Ribando Seelke ...
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| Date July 1, 2020 |
Report No. R46440 |
Title
U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues July 1, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46440 SUMMARY U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues R46440 July 1, 2020 Ren e Johnson High-profile foodborne outbreaks and incidents involving imported foods have generated Specialist in Agricultural Policy growing concerns ...
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| Date July 1, 2020 |
Report No. IN11419 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: Selected Federal Resources for Businesses Seeking to Assist with Research and Manufacturing Efforts Updated July 1, 2020 Some U.S. businesses have been engaging in research or retooling their manufacturing operations, supply chains, or products to assist with fighting the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This CRS Insight presents selected federal resources ...
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| Date July 1, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10508 |
Title
Legal Sidebari COVID-19 and Liability Limitations for the Health Care Sector July 1, 2020 The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has required health care professionals and facilities to care for a surge of patients with COVID-19 symptoms. This is occurring in a health care environment where the treatment guidelines specific to COVID-19 are still evolving and where some health ...
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| Date July 1, 2020 |
Report No. R46439 |
Title
Older Americans Act: 2020 Reauthorization July 1, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46439 SUMMARY Older Americans Act: 2020 Reauthorization First enacted in 1965, the Older Americans Act (OAA) was created in response to concern by policymakers about a lack of community social services for older individuals. Since then, the OAA has been reauthorized and amended ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. R46435 |
Title
Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress June 30, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46435 SUMMARY Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress R46435 June 30, 2020 Jacob R. Straus On June 9, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Foreign Agents Registration Act Specialist on the Congress ( ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. R45995 |
Title
Unauthorized Childhood Arrivals, DACA, and Related Legislation Updated June 30, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45995 SUMMARY Unauthorized Childhood Arrivals, DACA, and Related Legislation On June 4, 2019, the House passed the American Dream and Promise Act of 2019 (H.R. 6) on a vote of 237 to 187. Title I of the bill, the Dream Act of 2019, would establish a ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10505 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Can the International Criminal Court Investigate U.S. Personnel? June 30, 2020 On June 11, 2020, President Trump issued Executive Order 13928, authorizing sanctions against certain individuals involved in the International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor s investigation of whether U.S. military and intelligence personnel committed war crimes during the conflict in Afghanistan. The ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. IN11446 |
Title
INSIGHTi DARPA s Pandemic-Related Programs June 30, 2020 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has contributed to the development of important military and commercial technologies, including stealth and personal electronics. DARPA s role and investments in defense-related research and development (R&D), including biological defense, has potential significance for the science and ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. IF11589 |
Title
June 30, 2020 Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities Since 2008, Russia has sought to modernize its military and engaged in several armed interventions outside its borders. The 2018 U.S. National Defense Strategy prioritizes longterm strategic competition with Russia (and China). To help guide policymaking in response to challenges posed by Russia, Members of Congress may have an interest in assessing ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. R46436 |
Title
Hydrogen in Electricity s Future June 30, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46436 SUMMARY Hydrogen in Electricity s Future The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) describes hydrogen as an energy carrier, as it allows the transport of energy that can be later converted to other forms of useful energy. ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. IN11441 |
Title
INSIGHTi Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Guidance for Coronavirus-Related Distributions, Plan Loans, and Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) Rollovers June 30, 2020 On June 19, 2020, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released Notice 2020-50. Among other guidance, the notice outlines additional factors that qualify an individual for the retirement account distribution and loan relief provisions in ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10507 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court: President May Remove CFPB Director at Will June 30, 2020 On June 29, 2020, in the case Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the Supreme Court held in a five-to-four decision that the statutory provision limiting the President s authority to remove the director of the CFPB violated the Constitution by infringing on the President s powers to execute ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10506 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Foxes, Henhouses, and Pension Plans: Supreme Court Concludes Pensioners Receiving Promised Benefits Can t Sue for Retirement Plan Mismanagement June 30, 2020 In early June 2020, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Thole v. U.S. Bank concerning the ability of pension plan participants to sue plan fiduciaries who engage in alleged misconduct. In Thole, the Court s majority ...
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| Date June 30, 2020 |
Report No. IF11237 |
Title
Updated June 30, 2020 Israel and the Palestinians: Chronology of a Two-State Solution The idea of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict developed gradually in the years after Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the 1967 ArabIsraeli war. This product highlights the evolution of this idea. In 2002, U.S. policy became explicitly supportive of creating a Palestinian ...
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| Date June 29, 2020 |
Report No. R46434 |
Title
HEROES Act, Division K COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief, and Oversight Act June 29, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46434 HEROES Act, Division K COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief and Oversight Act Overview Many economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic intensified in April and May 2020, including historically high levels of ...
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| Date June 29, 2020 |
Report No. IF11588 |
Title
June 29, 2020 The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA): An Overview The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 generally prohibits corrupt payments to foreign officials in exchange for obtaining or retaining business. Congress enacted the FCPA in response to an investigation conducted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) following the Watergate scandal. That investigation revealed ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. R46178 |
Title
The Charitable Deduction for Individuals: A Brief Legislative History Updated June 26, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46178 SUMMARY The Charitable Deduction for Individuals: A Brief Legislative History This report provides a brief history of the major legislative changes to the charitable deduction that have occurred over the past 100 years, focusing on ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. R46430 |
Title
Global Democracy and Human Rights Impacts of COVID-19: In Brief June 26, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46430 Global Democracy and Human Rights Impacts of COVID-19: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10503 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Visits Appalachian Trail to Address Pipeline Permitting Dispute June 26, 2020 A proposed interstate natural gas pipeline in the mid-Atlantic is one step closer to reality after obtaining one of the federal permits needed for construction and operation, thanks to a decision last week from the U.S. Supreme Court. In U.S. Forest Service v. Cowpasture River Preservation ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. IF11099 |
Title
Updated June 26, 2020 EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy Overview In July 2018, the European Union (EU) and Japan signed a free trade agreement (FTA) after 18 rounds of talks starting in 2013. The deal entered into force in February 2019. The EU and Japan account for about 40% of global trade and 30% of global GDP. Japanese and EU officials respectively touted the FTA as the world s ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10501 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Tracing Papers : A Comparison of COVID-19 Data Privacy Bills June 26, 2020 As COVID-19 continues to spread, many public health authorities are turning to contact tracing measures to identify, notify, and monitor infected individuals contacts to track potential COVID-19 exposure. Along with conventional techniques, technology companies, including Google and Apple, are developing ...
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| Date June 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10502 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Constitutional Authority to Regulate the Privacy of State-Collected Contact-Tracing Data June 26, 2020 Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, several states have developed and promoted contact-tracing mobile device apps to identify individuals who may have had contact with infected persons. Additionally, the two largest manufacturers of mobile device operating systems, Apple (iOS) and ...
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| Date June 25, 2020 |
Report No. R46432 |
Title
Food Banks and Other Emergency Feeding Organizations: Federal Aid and the Response to COVID-19 June 25, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46432 SUMMARY Food Banks and Other Emergency Feeding Organizations: Federal Aid and the Response to COVID-19 During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, rising unemployment rates and other factors led an increasing ...
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