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| Date June 10, 2020 |
Report No. IN11258 |
Title
INSIGHTi State and Local Fiscal Conditions and Economic Shocks Updated June 10, 2020 Policymakers attention to the current economic recession has included its potential effect on state and local governments. This Insight summarizes the underlying forces affecting state and local finances following a negative economic shock, examines tools available to them in response to such forces, and briefly ...
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| Date June 10, 2020 |
Report No. R46409 |
Title
Proposals to Extend CARES Act Provisions to Federal Student Loans Not Held by the Department of Education: Frequently Asked Questions June 10, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46409 SUMMARY Proposals to Extend CARES Act Provisions to Federal Student Loans Not Held by the Department of Education: Frequently Asked Questions R46409 June 10, 2020 Alexandra Hegji ...
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| Date June 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46401 |
Title
COVID-19 Electric Utility Disconnections June 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46401 SUMMARY COVID-19 Electric Utility Disconnections In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many utilities, local governments, and state governments have implemented policies to suspend disconnections for nonpayment, known as disconnection moratoria. The exact number of moratoria ...
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| Date June 9, 2020 |
Report No. IN11418 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: EDA Revolving Loan Funds for Businesses June 9, 2020 Economic development revolving loan funds (RLFs) use funding from federal grants and other sources to make loans to local businesses and in limited circumstances to communities for infrastructure and development projects. The Economic Adjustment Assistance (EAA) program administered by the Department of Commerce, Economic ...
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| Date June 9, 2020 |
Report No. IF10839 |
Title
Updated June 9, 2020 Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions On May 31, 2020, President Donald Trump announced via Twitter that the United States will be designating antifa this term is applied to an organization of loosely affiliated individuals who describe themselves and their ideological outlooks as antifa (shorthand for ...
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| Date June 9, 2020 |
Report No. IN11373 |
Title
INSIGHTi Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Recent Developments Updated June 9, 2020 Established through enacted legislation in 1975 (P.L. 94-163), the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR, 42 U.S.C. 6231 et seq.) was created to reduce the impact of petroleum supply disruptions and to carry out obligations under the International Energy Program (IEP, a multilateral treaty 25 UST 1685 that requires ...
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| Date June 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46400 |
Title
The FUTURE Act (P.L. 116-91): Amendments to the Higher Education Act and Internal Revenue Code June 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46400 SUMMARY The FUTURE Act (P.L. 116-91): Amendments to the Higher Education Act and Internal Revenue Code In December 2019, Congress enacted and the President signed the Fostering Undergraduate Talent by Unlocking Resources ...
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| Date June 8, 2020 |
Report No. IF11563 |
Title
June 8, 2020 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2021 Appropriations Since FY2006, Congress has funded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bills. Released February 10, 2020, the President s budget for FY2021 requested $6.66 billion for EPA. The adequacy of funding for EPA to effectively carry out its mission and ...
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| Date June 8, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10408 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Three Strikes, You re Out: Supreme Court to Consider Limit on Prisoner Litigation Updated June 8, 2020 UPDATE: The Supreme Court issued its opinion in Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez on June 8, 2020. The full Court agreed that [t]he text of Section 1915(g) s three-strikes provision refers to any dismissal for failure to state a claim, whether with prejudice or without. The original post from ...
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| Date June 5, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10489 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Withdrawal from the World Health Organization: Legal Basis and Implications June 5, 2020 On May 30, 2020, President Trump announced that he plans to terminate the United States relationship with the World Health Organization (WHO). This Sidebar assumes that terminate means to withdraw from the WHO (as opposed to, for instance, stop sending funds to the WHO), and addresses the legal ...
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| Date June 5, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10490 |
Title
Legal Sidebari HIPAA, Telehealth, and COVID-19 June 5, 2020 In recent years, health care providers have increasingly turned to technology to provide remote health care services to patients (i.e., telehealth ). This use of telehealth has only become more important in the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as it has allowed providers and patients to minimize their contact ...
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| Date June 5, 2020 |
Report No. IN11417 |
Title
INSIGHTi E.O. 13920 and Bulk Power System Supply Chain Security June 5, 2020 On May 1, 2020, President Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13920, titled Securing the United States Bulk-Power System. The E.O. states that it is protecting the security, integrity, and reliability of bulk-power system electric equipment used in the United States from foreign adversaries who are creating and exploiting ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. TE10057 |
Title
Statement of Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Before Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Future Force Structure Requirements for the United States Navy June 4, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10057 Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Chairman Courtney, Ranking ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. R46389 |
Title
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Design for Great Power Competition June 4, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46389 SUMMARY Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Design for Great Power Competition R46389 June 4, 2020 Nishawn S. Smagh The U.S. military could suffer unacceptably high casualties and struggle to win, or perhaps lose, National ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. IF10875 |
Title
Updated June 4, 2020 Medicare Coverage of Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) for Opioid Addiction Medicare covers certain reasonable and necessary services provided by Medicare-enrolled health care practitioners for treating substance abuse disorders, such as alcoholism and opioid and other drug abuse. Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) combines medication with counseling and behavioral ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. IN11361 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: U.S. Public Health Data and Reporting Updated June 4, 2020 The daily updated counts of cases and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic have served as important indicators throughout the crisis informing policy decisions, research, and public awareness. Ongoing data collection, or surveillance, is a key component of public health practice. As the nation s lead public health agency, ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. IN11416 |
Title
INSIGHTi Maritime Administration s Ready Reserve Sealift Fleet June 4, 2020 Congress currently faces decisions about how best to restore the readiness of a fleet of government-owned ships kept on standby to support Department of Defense (DOD) surge sealift requirements. The Ready Reserve Force (RRF) a subset of the statutorily required National Defense Reserve Fleet comprises 46 vessels managed by ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. IF11562 |
Title
June 4, 2020 China Moves to Impose National Security Law on Hong Kong Overview China s legislature, the National People s Congress (NPC), on May 28, 2020, adopted a decision authorizing its Standing Committee (NPCSC) to write national security laws that will apply only to China s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The decision also requires the HKSAR government to pass local ...
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| Date June 4, 2020 |
Report No. IF11520 |
Title
Updated June 4, 2020 The Universal Service Fund and COVID-19: The FCC and Industry Response The need for social distancing, due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has led to an increase in remote working, distance learning, and telemedicine activities that depend on connectivity to the telecommunications and broadband network. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and its ...
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| Date June 3, 2020 |
Report No. R46390 |
Title
Paid Family and Medical Leave: Current Policy and Legislative Proposals in the 116th Congress June 3, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46390 SUMMARY Paid Family and Medical Leave: Current Policy and Legislative Proposals in the 116th Congress R46390 June 3, 2020 Molly F. Sherlock The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA; P.L. 103-3, as amended) is the ...
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| Date June 3, 2020 |
Report No. IN11415 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and USDA Farm Loan Flexibilities June 3, 2020 On May 21, 2020, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) temporarily expanded the Disaster SetAside (DSA) provision to allow flexibility for farm loan repayment due to the economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The set-aside provision allows a borrower to move a loan payment owed to USDA s Farm Service ...
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| Date June 3, 2020 |
Report No. R46382 |
Title
Fiscal Federalism: Theory and Practice June 3, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46382 SUMMARY Fiscal Federalism: Theory and Practice The field of fiscal federalism studies how to divide responsibilities (including finances) among federal, state, and local governments to improve economic efficiency and achieve various public policy objectives. Determining the ...
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| Date June 2, 2020 |
Report No. IF11193 |
Title
Updated June 2, 2020 WIFIA Program: Background and Recent Developments The Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 authorized the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) program to promote development of and private investment in water infrastructure projects (33 U.S.C. 3901-3914). Initially established as a fiveyear pilot program, WIFIA authorizes the U.S. Environmental ...
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| Date June 2, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10485 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Isn t It Generic: Supreme Court to Consider Whether Web Addresses Using Generic Terms May Be Trademarked June 2, 2020 What can be trademarked? On May 4, 2020, in its first telephonic oral argument ever, the Supreme Court heard arguments addressing this question. Generally, trademarks protect the goodwill that a company has built in a distinctive name or mark. Whether a mark is ...
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| Date June 2, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10483 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Testing, Testing, (Phase) 1-2-3: Legal Considerations for Clinical Trials of Potential COVID-19 Vaccines June 2, 2020 In the race to develop a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, several pharmaceutical companies, governments, and educational institutions around the world have begun testing their potential COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials. Clinical trials are used to ...
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| Date June 2, 2020 |
Report No. IF10566 |
Title
Updated June 2, 2020 A-76 Competitions in the Department of Defense OMB Circular A-76 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76, Performance of Commercial Activities, establishes policy for the performance of recurring commercial services by federal agencies, stating that the policy of the federal government has been to rely on the private sector for needed commercial services, and that ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IF11560 |
Title
June 1, 2020 Social Security, Deficits, and Debt Social Security is a self-financing program that covers an estimated 178 million workers and will provide monthly benefits to about 64 million beneficiaries in 2020. The Social Security program is composed of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program and the Disability Insurance (DI) program, commonly referred to on a combined basis as ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IF11561 |
Title
June 1, 2020 Pharmaceutical Patenting Practices: A Legal Overview Pharmaceutical manufacturers frequently obtain intellectual property (IP) rights in their products. IP law provides exclusive rights in a particular invention or product for a certain time period, potentially enabling the rights holder (e.g., a brand-name drug manufacturer) to charge higherthan-competitive prices. If rights holders ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IN11287 |
Title
INSIGHTi Limits on Business Interest Deductions Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Updated June 1, 2020 Thin capitalization rules, broadly, limit the amount of debt that can generate deductible interest for the purpose of calculating taxable income. Limits on the tax deduction for business interest restrictions have been relaxed by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10450 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATE: Banning Religious Assemblies to Stop the Spread of COVID-19 Updated June 1, 2020 Update: On May 29, 2020, the Supreme Court denied two petitions for certiorari appealing lower court decisions on gathering bans in Illinois and California. The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and Ninth Circuit had both affirmed preliminary rulings in favor of the government, ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IN11391 |
Title
INSIGHTi USDA Rural Development and COVID-19: Supplemental Funding and Agency Actions Updated June 1, 2020 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development agency (RD) administers loan, grant, and technical assistance programs that support infrastructure, housing, and business development in rural areas. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress provided supplemental funding to ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IN11414 |
Title
INSIGHTi The FCC-Approved Ligado Network and Potential Technical Issues for DOD Use of GPS June 1, 2020 On April 20, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) unanimously authorized an application by Ligado Networks LLC (Ligado) to deploy a low-power [9.8 decibel watts (dBW)] terrestrial nationwide network in the 1526-1536 MHz, 1627.5-1637.5 MHz, and 1646.5-1656.5 MHz bands [of the ...
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| Date June 1, 2020 |
Report No. IF10572 |
Title
Updated June 1, 2020 What Role Might the Federal Government Play in Law Enforcement Reform? Over the past few years, several high-profile policeinvolved shootings and alleged instances of excessive force have generated congressional interest in state and local policing. Congressional interest in policing reform revolves primarily around the public s confidence in the police and accountability for ...
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| Date May 29, 2020 |
Report No. IF11559 |
Title
May 29, 2020 Digital Contact Tracing Technology: Overview and Considerations for Implementation Background Contact tracing is a public health measure used to control disease spread. Trained public health workers assist patients with an infectious disease recall their close contacts within a given timeframe, notify them of potential exposure, and provide advice to patients and contacts. Given the ...
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| Date May 28, 2020 |
Report No. IF11334 |
Title
Updated May 28, 2020 CFIUS: New Foreign Investment Review Regulations Overview On January 13, 2020, the Department of the Treasury issued final regulations to implement key parts of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232), which are intended to strengthen and modernize the national security review of foreign direct investment (FDI) transactions by ...
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| Date May 28, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10481 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Permits Retroactive Punitive Damages Against Sudan in Terrorism Cases May 28, 2020 More than two decades after the U.S. embassies bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, some plaintiffs who alleged that Sudanese support of Al Qaeda contributed to the attacks have won the opportunity to obtain punitive damages against the government of Sudan. The Supreme Court decided 8-0 (with ...
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| Date May 28, 2020 |
Report No. IF11558 |
Title
May 28, 2020 Spectrum Interference Issues: Ligado, the L-Band, and GPS On April 20, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) unanimously approved a controversial application by Ligado Networks, a U.S. satellite communications company, to deploy a terrestrial nationwide network using L-Band radio spectrum. Ligado s stated intent is to offer a combined satellite and terrestrial ...
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| Date May 28, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10415 |
Title
Legal Sidebari COVID-19: Federal Travel Restrictions and Quarantine Measures Updated May 28, 2020 In response to the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the federal government has taken several actions to deter persons with potential COVID-19 infection from entering the country. This Legal Sidebar examines the legal authorities underlying two categories of these actions: First, ...
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| Date May 28, 2020 |
Report No. IN11412 |
Title
INSIGHTi PJM Minimum Offer Price Rule Impact on Future Renewables May 28, 2020 On December 18, 2019, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued an order directing the PJM regional transmission organization (RTO) to expand its Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) as a move to address subsidies to electric power generation resources by states, with certain exemptions. FERC stated that it ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. R46373 |
Title
Countering Corruption Through U.S. Foreign Assistance May 27, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46373 SUMMARY Countering Corruption Through U.S. Foreign Assistance Foreign corruption has been a growing U.S. foreign policy concern in recent decades and is viewed as intersecting with a variety of issues that are of congressional interest, including promoting ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. R46372 |
Title
Summary and Analysis of S. 2657, the American Energy Innovation Act May 27, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46372 SUMMARY Summary and Analysis of S. 2657, the American Energy Innovation Act Issues in the 116th Congress reflect the ongoing debate over the federal role in energy policy, particularly related to research and development (R&D), development of fossil ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. IN11347 |
Title
INSIGHTi Treatment of COVID-19: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Updated May 27, 2020 To date, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any therapeutics drugs or biologics for the treatment of COVID-19. However, FDA has authorized the emergency use of three drugs, including two drugs that have been approved by FDA for other uses: hydroxychloroquine sulfate ( ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. IN11409 |
Title
INSIGHTi CARES Act Arts and Cultural Provisions May 27, 2020 On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) was signed into law. The law includes several provisions that make supplemental appropriations to federal arts and cultural organizations. This CRS Insight provides an overview of these provisions and information, where relevant, on how ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10479 |
Title
Legal Sidebari New Title IX Sexual Harassment Regulations Overhaul Responsibilities for Schools May 27, 2020 The Department of Education (ED) published new regulations implementing Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) on May 19, 2020. Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. While Title ...
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| Date May 27, 2020 |
Report No. IN11408 |
Title
INSIGHTi Full Practice Authority for VA Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) During the COVID-19 Pandemic May 27, 2020 On April 21, 2020, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) issued guidance to VA medical facilities to allow Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) to have full practice authority (maximum breadth of practice allowable for a ...
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| Date May 26, 2020 |
Report No. IN11404 |
Title
INSIGHTi HEROES Act (H.R. 6800): Selected Federal Reserve Provisions May 26, 2020 On May 15, 2020, the House passed the HEROES Act (H.R. 6800), a wide-ranging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) relief bill. This Insight discusses selected provisions related to the Federal Reserve (Fed). Background In response to COVID-19, the Fed has taken a number of actions to promote economic and financial ...
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| Date May 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10477 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Time Is Time, but Money Is Money May 26, 2020 Introduction In United States v. Saccoccia, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (First Circuit) recently refused to vacate a 1993 judgment ordering Stephen Saccoccia who is serving a 660-year prison sentence for money laundering to forfeit $136 million to the government, the amount of money that Saccoccia and others ...
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| Date May 26, 2020 |
Report No. IN11406 |
Title
INSIGHTi Dam Failure: Overview of Federal Programs and Resources May 26, 2020 On May 19, 2020, following several days of heavy rain, the Edenville Dam on the Tittabawasee River in Gladwin County, MI, failed and sent a large volume of water downstream that overtopped the Sanford Dam in Midland County. A local utility company owns both dams. Michigan evacuated approximately 10,000 downstream ...
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| Date May 25, 2020 |
Report No. IN11403 |
Title
INSIGHTi Possible Withdrawal of U.S. Peacekeepers from the Sinai Peninsula May 25, 2020 Overview U.S. Secretary of Defense Mark Esper reportedly is considering withdrawing the roughly 450 person U.S. military contingent from the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), an international peacekeeping mission formed in 1981 to monitor the demilitarization of the Sinai Peninsula and supervise the ...
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| Date May 22, 2020 |
Report No. R45259 |
Title
The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply Updated May 22, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45259 The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply Summary Groundwater, the water in aquifers accessible by wells, is a critical component of the U.S. water supply. It is important for both domestic and agricultural water needs, among other uses. Nearly half of the nation s ...
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