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| Date Sept. 1, 2020 |
Report No. IN11493 |
Title
INSIGHTi Global Economic Growth Forecasts: Impact of COVID-19 September 1, 2020 Overview The unprecedented Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and policy responses have compounded the challenges facing forecasters attempting to estimate the pandemic s global economic impact and challenged policymakers to find the appropriate policy response. Some forecasts indicate the pandemic is ...
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| Date Sept. 1, 2020 |
Report No. R46507 |
Title
FDA s Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19 September 1, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46507 SUMMARY FDA s Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the medical product supply chain globally and domestically. Although concerns ...
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| Date Sept. 1, 2020 |
Report No. IF11003 |
Title
Updated September 1, 2020 The Global Compact on Migration (GCM) and U.S. Policy Congress has demonstrated ongoing interest in the global migration crisis, particularly with recent flows of migrants and refugees to the United States from Central America and Mexico. In 2019 an estimated 272 million international migrants formed roughly 3.5% of the world s population. Although not formally defined ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. R41142 |
Title
School Construction and Renovation: A Review of Federal Programs and Legislation Updated August 31, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41142 SUMMARY School Construction and Renovation: A Review of Federal Programs and Legislation R41142 August 31, 2020 Kyle D. Shohfi By some measures, spending on new construction and renovation in public elementary and Analyst in ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. R40929 |
Title
Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs Updated August 31, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40929 SUMMARY Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs R40929 August 31, 2020 Adrienne L. Fernandes- In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement underway for the Baby Boomer Alcantara generation, Congress has generally indicated a ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. IN11492 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: Supplementing Unemployment Insurance Benefits (Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation vs. Lost Wages Assistance) August 31, 2020 Among other temporary Unemployment Insurance (UI) provisions authorized under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136; enacted March 27, 2020), Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC) provided an ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. IF11640 |
Title
August 31, 2020 Federal Youth Employment and Job Training Programs Background and Context Congress has had a long-standing interest in ensuring that young people successfully make the transition to adulthood as skilled workers and taxpayers. Since the 1930s, federal employment and job training programs have been targeted to low-income and other youth with barriers to employment. The earliest ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. R44459 |
Title
Highway Bridge Conditions: Issues for Congress Updated August 31, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44459 Highway Bridge Conditions: Issues for Congress Summary Of the 617,000 public road bridges in the United States, about 46,000 (7.5%) were classified as in poor condition in 2019. These data, along with some highly publicized incidents involving highway bridges ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2020 |
Report No. IF11637 |
Title
August 31, 2020 Trends in Commemorative Legislation, 93rd Through 115th Congresses Since the Continental Congress, commemorative legislation has been used to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions to American history and society; extol the virtues of individuals, groups, and causes; and perpetuate the remembrance of significant events. Today, commemorative legislation continues ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46502 |
Title
The Child Tax Credit: Selected Legislative Proposals in the 116th Congress August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46502 SUMMARY The Child Tax Credit: Selected Legislative Proposals in the 116th Congress Under current law, the child tax credit reduces the amount families owe in income tax (i.e., income tax liability) by up to $2,000 per eligible child. The ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46501 |
Title
Rural Digital Opportunity Fund: Requirements and Selected Policy Issues August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46501 SUMMARY Rural Digital Opportunity Fund: Requirements and Selected Policy Issues R46501 August 28, 2020 Colby Leigh Rachfal Broadband internet has become increasingly important in the 21st century, as more and more Analyst in ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46503 |
Title
Military Courts-Martial Under the Military Justice Act of 2016 August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46503 SUMMARY Military Courts-Martial Under the Military Justice Act of 2016 The Supreme Court has called military justice a system of justice separate from jurisprudence in the civilian courts. Members of the Armed Forces are subject to rules, orders, ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46504 |
Title
Forest Service Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs) August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46504 SUMMARY Forest Service Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs) Inventoried roadless areas (IRAs) are areas of the National Forest System (NFS) managed according to regulations, known as roadless rules, that generally limit timber harvesting and road building. The NFS ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46508 |
Title
International Education Programs in the Higher Education Act August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46508 SUMMARY International Education Programs in the Higher Education Act R46508 August 28, 2020 Jeffrey J. Kuenzi The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329) authorizes numerous federal aid Specialist in Education programs that provide support to ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. IF11634 |
Title
August 27, 2020 Biometric Entry-Exit System: Legislative History and Status The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is statutorily required to develop and implement an automated biometric (i.e., physical characteristics such as fingerprints, face, or irises) entry-exit system for foreign nationals (referred to as aliens in immigration law) traveling into and out of the United States. The goals ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. IN11489 |
Title
INSIGHTi The GSEs Adverse Market Refinance Fee Updated August 28, 2020 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), were chartered by Congress to provide liquidity for both the single- and multi-family mortgage markets. In the years following the housing and mortgage market turmoil beginning in 2007, the GSEs experienced financial difficulty. On September 6, 2008, the ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. IN11487 |
Title
INSIGHTi 2020 Wildfire Season: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources Updated August 28, 2020 Introduction This Insight provides a brief overview of Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) declarations and federal assistance programs that may be available for wildfires on nonfederal lands. Wildfire Forecasts and Response Framework The federal government has the responsibility for wildfires ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46500 |
Title
The Future of Space Tourism August 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46500 SUMMARY The Future of Space Tourism Several private companies are developing plans to take paying customers to space on a regular basis. Federal oversight of space tourism has been deliberately light, consistent with the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-492), in ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2020 |
Report No. R46498 |
Title
Military Spouse Employment August 27, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46498 SUMMARY Military Spouse Employment Congress has constitutional authority over the armed forces, including the power to to raise and support Armies, to provide and maintain a Navy, and to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces. Congress is thus ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2020 |
Report No. IN11491 |
Title
Congressional Research Service 1 Youth Labor Force Indicators in the Context of COVID-19 August 27, 2020 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to the current recession that began in February 2020 and has resulted in large job losses, from which the economy has only partially recovered. This Insight discusses recent and longer-term trends in three key labor market indicators, and the ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2020 |
Report No. R46506 |
Title
The Heroes Act: Education-Related Provisions August 26, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46506 SUMMARY The Heroes Act: Education-Related Provisions In response to the rapidly evolving Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Congress and the Administration have taken several actions to support the continued education of elementary, secondary, and higher ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2020 |
Report No. R46375 |
Title
The U.S. Blood Supply and the COVID-19 Response: In Brief Updated August 26, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46375 SUMMARY The U.S. Blood Supply and the COVID-19 Response: In Brief The nation s blood supply is largely managed by a network of independent blood centers and the American Red Cross, with some oversight from the Department of Health and Human ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2020 |
Report No. IF11416 |
Title
Updated August 26, 2020 Forest Service: FY2019 and FY2020 Appropriations The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS); conducting forestry research; and providing assistance to state, local, private, and international forest owners. FS is an agency within the Department of Agriculture, yet it receives discretionary appropriations ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2020 |
Report No. IF11629 |
Title
August 26, 2020 Health Care for Federal Prisoners This In Focus provides a brief overview of how the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) provides medical care to prisoners in its custody. BOP operates 122 prisons across the country, and at of the end of FY2019 there were approximately 177,000 prisoners under BOP s jurisdiction, making BOP one of the largest correctional systems in the country. Under 18 U.S.C. ...
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| Date Aug. 25, 2020 |
Report No. R44438 |
Title
The Individual Mandate for Health Insurance Coverage: In Brief Updated August 25, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44438 The Individual Mandate for Health Insurance Coverage: In Brief Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Individual Mandate ...
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| Date Aug. 25, 2020 |
Report No. IN11490 |
Title
INSIGHTi Executive Order 13932 on Assessing and Hiring Job Candidates in Federal Agencies August 25, 2020 Background President Donald Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13932, titled Modernizing and Reforming the Assessment and Hiring of Federal Job Candidates, on June 26, 2020. The E.O. seeks to alter the federal hiring process by removing potentially unnecessary education qualifications to ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10534 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Role of Section 708 of the Defense Production Act in the Federal Government s Response to COVID-19: Antitrust Considerations August 24, 2020 Section 708 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) authorizes the President to consult with representatives of industry, business, financing, agriculture, labor, and other interests in order to provide for the making by such persons, ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2020 |
Report No. R46490 |
Title
Indian Health Service (IHS) FY2021 Budget Request and Funding History: In Brief August 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46490 SUMMARY Indian Health Service (IHS) FY2021 Budget Request and Funding History: In Brief R46490 August 21, 2020 Elayne J. Heisler The Indian Health Service (IHS) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is Specialist in ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IN11486 |
Title
INSIGHTi Potential Land and Natural Resources Policy Implications of McGirt v. Oklahoma August 21, 2020 On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had never disestablished the Muscogee (Creek) Nation s (MCN) reservation, set aside for MCN in the 19 th century, and thus the reservation remains Indian country for purposes of criminal jurisdiction under the Major Crimes Act. According to ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2020 |
Report No. R46492 |
Title
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2020 Appropriations August 20, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46492 SUMMARY Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2020 Appropriations This report offers an overview of actions taken by Congress and the President to provide FY2020 appropriations for accounts funded by the Departments of Labor, ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2020 |
Report No. R46488 |
Title
USDA Domestic Food Assistance Programs: FY2020 Appropriations August 20, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46488 SUMMARY USDA Domestic Food Assistance Programs: FY2020 Appropriations R46488 August 20, 2020 Randy Alison Aussenberg Specialist in Nutrition The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-94) was enacted on Assistance Policy December 20, ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2020 |
Report No. R46486 |
Title
Telegraphs, Steamships, and Virtual Currency: An Analysis of Money Transmitter Regulation August 20, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46486 SUMMARY Telegraphs, Steamships, and Virtual Currency: An Analysis of Money Transmitter Regulation R46486 August 20, 2020 Andrew P. Scott Money transmission is an age-old practice. What started as a way of sending money to a ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2020 |
Report No. IF11628 |
Title
August 20, 2020 Using Models in Energy Policymaking Computer models use mathematical representations of real world systems to gain insights into complex processes, linkages between elements in a system, and how changes to a system might affect outcomes. Such models have become commonplace in many spheres of activity, including energy policymaking. Models are simplified representations of the real ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2020 |
Report No. IF11625 |
Title
August 20, 2020 Russian Armed Forces: Military Doctrine and Strategy Members of Congress may have an interest in the evolution and current state of Russian military doctrine and strategy to assess Russian intentions and capabilities. Russia has expanded its military capabilities over the last decade, which has been displayed in its invasion of Ukraine and intervention in Syria. Enhanced military ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2020 |
Report No. R45329 |
Title
Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 Updated August 19, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45329 SUMMARY Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 For nearly two decades, Congress has helped shape the U.S. approach to Afghanistan and the ongoing conflict there. This product provides a summary of legislative proposals ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2020 |
Report No. IN11375 |
Title
INSIGHTi CARES Act Economic Impact Payments for Veterans Not Required to File Tax Returns Updated August 19, 2020 Overview The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), offers two cash benefit programs for disabled or low-income veterans and their dependents: disability compensation and pension. The monetary benefits provided by both of these programs ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2020 |
Report No. IN11485 |
Title
INSIGHTi Israel-UAE Normalization and Suspension of West Bank Annexation August 19, 2020 President Trump issued a joint statement on August 13, 2020, with Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and United Arab Emirates (UAE) Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayid, announcing that Israel and the UAE have agreed to fully normalize their relations, and that Israel is suspending plans to annex parts of ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2020 |
Report No. IN11484 |
Title
INSIGHTi Analysis of Military Court Protective Order Provision in H.R. 6395 August 19, 2020 Background From the early 2000s, Congress has intensified its efforts to support victims of military-connected sexrelated and domestic violence offenses. These efforts include enacting over 100 provisions and providing resources intended to address such offenses and related misconduct. Department of Defense ...
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| Date Aug. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IF11624 |
Title
August 18, 2020 China s Foreign Ministry Statements Signal Heightened Concern About U.S. Actions in the 116th Congress Introduction With the relationship between the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) strained on multiple fronts, the two governments have been publicly trading accusations and engaging in sometimes tit-for-tat moves against each other s interests. Amid ...
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| Date Aug. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R44298 |
Title
Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief Updated August 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44298 SUMMARY Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief The United States and Spain have extensive cultural ties and a mutually beneficial economic relationship, and the two countries cooperate closely on numerous diplomatic and security ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10533 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Mashpee Wampanoag v. Bernhardt: A Tale of Two Definitions of Indian August 17, 2020 On June 6, 2020, in Mashpee Wampanoag v. Bernhardt (Mashpee), the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (D.C. District Court) gave the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe (Tribe or Mashpee Tribe) another opportunity to retain reservation status for land in Taunton and Mashpee, Massachusetts, that the ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R46483 |
Title
Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations August 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46483 SUMMARY Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on civil aviation, particularly commercial passenger airline operations. The combination of travel restrictions; state and local ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2020 |
Report No. IF11622 |
Title
August 17, 2020 Judicial Review of Mercury and Air Toxics Regulations Since 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) efforts to regulate mercury and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs or air toxics) emitted by power plants have faced numerous legal challenges. The Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments of 1990, Pub. L. 101-549, established a multistep process for EPA to regulate HAP ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2020 |
Report No. IN11483 |
Title
INSIGHTi Lebanon: Renewed Instability Following August Blast August 17, 2020 On August 10, Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned in the wake of a massive explosion at the port of Beirut that killed at least 178 people and injured thousands. The blast displaced an estimated 300,000 people, and Lebanese President Michel Aoun estimated the damage at the port to be roughly $15 ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IF11621 |
Title
August 14, 2020 COVID-19: The Federal Reserve s Municipal Liquidity Facility State and local (municipal) governments issue debt (often called bonds) for a variety of purposes, including infrastructure construction. In April 2020, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced the creation of the Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) to ease pressures in municipal debt markets caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IN11481 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for Comparison with U.S. Policies August 14, 2020 This Insight presents selected resources and CRS products that may be useful for Congress as it compares U.S. responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with other countries responses. COVID-19 emerged in China in late 2019 and has since spread around the globe, infecting ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2020 |
Report No. R46482 |
Title
EPA s Affordable Clean Energy Rule and Related Issues: Frequently Asked Questions August 13, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46482 SUMMARY EPA s Affordable Clean Energy Rule and Related Issues: Frequently Asked Questions In 2019, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed its reconsideration of a Clean Air Act (CAA) rulemaking for greenhouse gas ( ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2020 |
Report No. IF11620 |
Title
August 13, 2020 The Office of Federal Financial Management: An Overview Introduction OFFM Functions In an effort to improve federal financial management, Congress established the Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM). A component of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), OFFM centralizes the development and implementation of financial management policies, reviews agency audit reports, ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2020 |
Report No. IN11459 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Great American Outdoors Act, P.L. 116152: Selected Provisions Updated August 12, 2020 The Great American Outdoors Act P.L. 116-152 established a new fund with mandatory spending authority to address deferred maintenance needs of five federal agencies. The law also made the deposits to an existing fund the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) mandatory spending and made other ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10531 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Title IX s Application to Transgender Athletes: Recent Developments Updated August 12, 2020 On May 15, 2020, the Department of Education s (ED s) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a Letter of Impending Enforcement Action (Enforcement Letter) to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference (CIAC) and various public school districts within Connecticut. OCR determined that ...
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