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Report No.
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| Date Sept. 6, 2018 |
Report No. IN10963 |
Title
INSIGHTi Department of Transportation Considering Changes to Trucking Hours of Service Rule September 6, 2018 On August 23, 2018, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) seeking information and public comment about several changes in the Hours of Service limits for commercial drivers that it was considering. The comment ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10119 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATED: D j Vu All Over Again: States Renew Constitutional Challenge to the ACA s Individual Mandate Updated September 5, 2018 UPDATE: Oral arguments in this case are scheduled for September 5, 2018, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Parties before the court include the state plaintiffs, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) as defendants, and a ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. R45302 |
Title
Federal Role in U.S. Campaigns and Elections: An Overview R. Sam Garrett Specialist in American National Government September 4, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45302 SUMMARY Federal Role in U.S. Campaigns and Elections: An Overview Conventional wisdom holds that the federal government plays relatively little role in U.S. campaigns and elections. Although states retain ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. R44915 |
Title
Department of Transportation (DOT): FY2018 Appropriations (name redacted) Analyst in Transportation Policy Updated September 4, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44915 Department of Transportation (DOT): FY2018 Appropriations Summary Congress appropriated $86.2 billion for the Department of Transportation (DOT) for FY2018. This represented a $9.1 billion (11.8%) increase over ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. R44614 |
Title
Marketplace Lending: Fintech in Consumer and Small-Business Lending David W. Perkins Analyst in Macroeconomic Policy Updated September 4, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44614 Marketplace Lending: Fintech in Consumer and Small-Business Lending Summary Marketplace lending also called peer-to-peer lending or online platform lending is a nonbank lending industry that uses ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. R45312 |
Title
Electric Grid Cybersecurity (name redacted) Specialist in Energy Policy September 4, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45312 Electric Grid Cybersecurity Summary Electricity generation is vital to the commerce and daily functioning of the United States. The U.S. electric power grid comprises all of the power plants generating electricity, together with the transmission and ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. R42637 |
Title
Positive Train Control (PTC): Overview and Policy Issues (name redacted) Specialist in Transportation Policy Updated September 4, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42637 Positive Train Control (PTC): Overview and Policy Issues Summary The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA08) requires implementation of positive train control (PTC) on railroads which carry passengers or ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2018 |
Report No. IF10969 |
Title
September 4, 2018 Naming of House and Senate Office Buildings and Rooms: Brief Overview Various procedures have been used to designate the names of House and Senate office buildings, as well as of rooms and spaces within the Capitol Complex. The set of procedures used has varied depending on whether the space is controlled solely by the House, solely by the Senate, or by the House and Senate ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10160 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Nomination: CRS Products Updated August 31, 2018 On June 27, 2018, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy announced his retirement from the Supreme Court, effective July 31, 2018, ending a thirty-year tenure on the Court. On July 9, 2017, President Trump nominated Judge Brett Kavanaugh of the federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to fill the vacancy on the ...
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| Date Aug. 31, 2018 |
Report No. R45301 |
Title
Securities Regulation and Initial Coin Offerings: A Legal Primer Jay B. Sykes Legislative Attorney Updated August 31, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45301 SUMMARY Securities Regulation and Initial Coin Offerings: A Legal Primer R45301 August 31, 2018 Jay B. Sykes Initial coin offerings (ICOs) a method of raising capital in exchange for digital coins or tokens Legislative ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2018 |
Report No. R45299 |
Title
The Clean Air Act s Good Neighbor Provision: Overview of Interstate Air Pollution Control (name redacted) Analyst in Environmental Policy August 30, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45299 SUMMARY The Clean Air Act s Good Neighbor Provision: Overview of Interstate Air Pollution Control Notwithstanding air quality progress since 1970, challenges remain to reduce pollution in ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2018 |
Report No. IF10965 |
Title
Updated August 30, 2018 FY2019 Military Construction Appropriations: An Overview of H.R. 5895 and Issues in Conference On February 12, 2018, President Donald Trump submitted his FY2019 budget to Congress requesting $11.4 billion in new budget authority for Department of Defense (DOD) military construction and family housing projects. On June 8, the House passed the Energy and Water, Legislative ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2018 |
Report No. IF10957 |
Title
Updated August 30, 2018 Turkey s Currency Crisis Turkey, the 17th largest economy in the world, is facing a significant currency crisis. The value of its currency, the lira, has fallen by about 40% against the U.S. dollar since the start of 2018 (Figure 1). The lira lost about 25% of its value in the first two weeks of August. The collapse in the value of the Turkish lira may pose questions for ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2018 |
Report No. IN10960 |
Title
INSIGHTi Universal Postal Union to Convene an Extraordinary Congress Updated August 29, 2018 The Universal Postal Union (UPU) Established in 1874, the Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the primary forum for multilateral cooperation and negotiation of international postal issues among nations worldwide. According to its website, the UPU helps to ensure a truly universal network of up-to-date products ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2018 |
Report No. IN10962 |
Title
INSIGHTi Agricultural Trade with Mexico and the Preliminary U.S.-Mexico Agreement in NAFTA Negotiations Updated August 29, 2018 On August 27, 2018, the Trump Administration announced that it had reached a preliminary agreement with Mexico in the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The announcement followed more than a year of negotiations among the United States, ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2018 |
Report No. IN10958 |
Title
INSIGHTi GSA Releases Sources Sought Notice and Sets Goal to Assume Certain OPM Functions by March 2019 Updated August 27, 2018 On June 21, 2018, the Trump Administration released a government reorganization and reform plan that included 32 proposals to restructure and reform executive branch agencies, programs, or operations. One proposal sought to reorganize the U.S. Office of Personnel ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2018 |
Report No. IN10959 |
Title
INSIGHTi Records, Papers, Decisions: Kavanaugh Records and the Presidential Records Act Updated August 27, 2018 Since Judge Brett Kavanaugh s nomination to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court was received on July 10, papers detailing his activities in the George W. Bush Administration and the Office of Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr have been the subject of ongoing congressional ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10192 |
Title
Legal Sidebari How Hard Should it be to Discharge a Student Loan in Bankruptcy? August 27, 2018 In recent years, many Americans have found themselves increasingly unable to repay their student loans. Ordinarily, a debtor who cannot afford to pay his debts may potentially discharge that is, obtain relief from many of those debts by filing for bankruptcy. The federal Bankruptcy Code, however, limits ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2018 |
Report No. IF10959 |
Title
August 27, 2018 Overview of Programs Supporting Minority-Serving Institutions under the Higher Education Act What are Minority Serving Institutions? Minority-serving institutions (MSIs) are institutions of higher education (IHEs) that serve high concentrations of minority students. MSIs tend to have relatively low educational and general expenditures and enroll high proportions of financially ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10191 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Judicial Fact-Finding and Criminal Sentencing: Current Practice and Potential Change August 24, 2018 Central to the calculation of a federal criminal defendant s sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) is the defendant s relevant conduct. That term, while encompassing conduct found by a jury or admitted by the defendant, can also include conduct that was ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2018 |
Report No. IN10398 |
Title
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203; Dodd-Frank Act) changed the minimum deposit insurance reserve ratio to 1.35% from 1.15% and required the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to meet the increased reserve ratio by 2020. The Dodd-Frank Act also required the FDIC to offset the effects of the higher reserve ratio of 1.35% on banks with assets of ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2018 |
Report No. R45264 |
Title
The National Hurricane Center and Forecasting Hurricanes: 2017 Overview and 2018 Outlook name redacted Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy August 23, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45264 NHC and Forecasting Hurricanes: 2017 Overview and 2018 Outlook Summary The National Hurricane Center (NHC), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s ( ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2018 |
Report No. IF10884 |
Title
Updated August 23, 2018 Expedited Citizenship through Military Service Overview Current law allows certain noncitizens who serve in the U.S. military to acquire expedited U.S. citizenship. Recent media reports have described situations in which noncitizen U.S. veterans who served in and were honorably discharged from the U.S. military, failed to apply for their citizenship for a variety of reasons ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2018 |
Report No. IN10957 |
Title
INSIGHTi Gun Control: 3D-Printed AR-15 Lower Receivers August 22, 2018 The possibility that criminals could use three dimensional-printing (3D-printing) technology to produce untraceable firearms, including AR-15s, is an issue of growing concern for some lawmakers. It overlaps in part with the issue of 3D-printed undetectable firearms discussed in a previous Insight (CRS Insight IN10953, Gun ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2018 |
Report No. IF10953 |
Title
August 22, 2018 Agriculture Appropriations: Animal and Plant Health The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), an agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is responsible for protecting U.S. agriculture from domestic and foreign pests and diseases. APHIS also responds to domestic animal and plant health risks and facilitates agricultural trade by enforcing sanitary and ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10190 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Loan Sharking Isn t a Violent Crime? August 22, 2018 The term loan shark conjures up images of usurious loans and violent collection methods. Nevertheless, the federal crime of loan sharking does not qualify as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) according to a recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Sixth Circuit). The ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2018 |
Report No. R45293 |
Title
Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh: His Jurisprudence and Potential Impact on the Supreme Court -name redacted-- Coordinator Section Research Manager -name redacted-- Coordinator Legislative Attorney August 21, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45293 SUMMARY Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh: His Jurisprudence and Potential Impact on the Supreme Court R45293 August 21, 2018 name redacted, On ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2018 |
Report No. R42519 |
Title
Youth and the Labor Force: Background and Trends -name redactedSpecialist in Social Policy August 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42519 Youth and the Labor Force: Background and Trends Summary Congress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today s young people (ages 16 to 24) attain the education and employment experience necessary to make the transition to ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2018 |
Report No. R45291 |
Title
Federal Crop Insurance: Delivery Subsidies in Brief -name redactedAnalyst in Agricultural Policy August 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45291 SUMMARY Federal Crop Insurance: Delivery Subsidies in Brief R45291 August 20, 2018 nae redaced Analyst in Agricultural In the federal crop insurance program, delivery generally refers to marketing policies, Policy processing ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2018 |
Report No. IN10956 |
Title
President Donald Trump issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13772 on February 3, 2017. The E.O. identified "Core Principles" to be adhered to in financial regulation and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to report on "the extent to which ... Government policies promote the Core Principles and what actions have been taken, and are currently being taken, to promote and support the Core Principles." ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2018 |
Report No. R45292 |
Title
MS-13 in the United States and Federal Law Enforcement Efforts -name redactedSpecialist in Domestic Security August 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45292 MS-13 in the United States and Federal Law Enforcement Efforts Summary The Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) is a violent criminal gang operating both in the United States and abroad namely Central America. MS-13 was formed on ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10189 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Calling Balls and Strikes: Ethics and Supreme Court Justices August 20, 2018 At his confirmation hearing in 2005, Chief Justice Roberts famously described his view of judges as umpires, pledging that, if confirmed, he would call balls and strikes when applying the law. Chief Justice Roberts emphasized the constitutional structure that underpins the Supreme Court and the rest of the ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2018 |
Report No. IF10951 |
Title
Updated August 17, 2018 Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Research Efforts in the Military Congress has taken an interest in understanding federal efforts and identifying options to address substance abuse, particularly in the context of the opioid crisis. On October 26, 2017, President Trump declared the drug demand for, and use of, opioids as a national public health emergency and ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2018 |
Report No. IF10949 |
Title
Updated August 17, 2018 Federal Management of Saltwater Recreational Fisheries Federal management of saltwater recreational fishing by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has received increasing attention from Congress. Many constituents have expressed concerns with the allocation of fishing quotas among different fishing sectors; data collection and assessment of recreational fishing ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2018 |
Report No. R43092 |
Title
Implementing EPA s 2015 Ozone Air Quality Standards name redacted Specialist in Environmental Policy name redacted Analyst in Environmental Policy August 16, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43092 Implementing EPA s 2015 Ozone Air Quality Standards Summary Implementation of revised ozone standards by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is now moving forward, after ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2018 |
Report No. R45290 |
Title
Medicare Coverage of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Suzanne M. Kirchhoff Analyst in Health Care Financing August 16, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45290 SUMMARY Medicare Coverage of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is the gradual decrease of kidney function over time. Individuals with ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2018 |
Report No. IN10955 |
Title
INSIGHTi Election Security: Issues in the 2018 Midterm Elections name redacted Specialist in National Security Policy, Cyber and Information Operations name redacted Senior Specialist in Science and Technology August 16, 2018 In the wake of assessments about foreign interference in the 2016 presidential election, concerns have been mounting about the security of the 2018 midterm elections. ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10188 |
Title
Legal Sidebar When Does Double Prosecution Count as Double Jeopardy? August 16, 2018 After a broken headlight led to the discovery of a loaded handgun in Terance Martez Gamble s car, he found himself in a familiar spot: pleading guilty to a felony in Alabama court, this time for having a firearm despite a prior robbery conviction. A few months later, however, Gamble would find himself pleading to ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2018 |
Report No. IF10950 |
Title
August 16, 2018 Toward the Creation of a U.S. Space Force Background Organizational Structure of the Military For over two decades, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and others have found that fragmentation and overlap in national security space acquisition management and oversight have contributed to program delays and cancellations, cost increases, and inefficient operations. ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2018 |
Report No. IN10954 |
Title
On the evening of August 10, 2018, an airline ramp worker stole a 76-seat turboprop from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, crashing it on a remote wooded island in an apparent suicide. Days later, on August 13, 2018, a corporate pilot released on bail following a domestic violence arrest hours earlier stole a business jet and crashed it into his Utah home. In another incident in Utah in July ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2018 |
Report No. R44057 |
Title
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): An Economic Analysis Margot L. Crandall-Hollick Specialist in Public Finance Joseph S. Hughes Research Assistant August 13, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44057 SUMMARY The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): An Economic Analysis The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit available to eligible workers earning relatively ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2018 |
Report No. R44744 |
Title
Clean Air Act Issues in the 115th Congress: In Brief (name redacted) Specialist in Environmental Policy August 13, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44744 Clean Air Act Issues in the 115th Congress: In Brief Summary Review of regulations issued under the Obama Administration, with the possibility of their modification or repeal, has been the main focus of interest on Clean ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2018 |
Report No. R44979 |
Title
Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations Vincent L. Morelli Section Research Manager August 13, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44979 Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Following the conflicts in the late 1990s in the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, and Slovenia), the prospect of membership in ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2018 |
Report No. IF10745 |
Title
Updated August 13, 2018 Emergency Use Authorization and FDA s Related Authorities Under most circumstances, drugs, medical devices, and biologics may only be introduced into interstate commerce if they have been approved, cleared, or licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Under certain circumstances, however, FDA may permit a medical product to be provided to patients outside the ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10186 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Can the President Pardon Contempt of Court? Probably Yes. August 10, 2018 Few provisions in the U.S. Constitution grant the President an authority as free from legislative constraint as the Pardon Clause. It vests the President plenary power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for offences against the United States. Plainly put, the President can forgive those facing criminal liability ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2018 |
Report No. RL34327 |
Title
Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) Mary Beth Nikitin Specialist in Nonproliferation August 9, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34327 Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) Summary The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) was formed to increase international cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2018 |
Report No. IN10951 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Proposed U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations: Hitting Pause on a Trade War? August 9, 2018 (IN10951) | Related Author Shayerah Ilias Akhtar | Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (siliasakhtar@crs.loc.gov, 7-9253) On July 25, 2018, the United States and European Union (EU) announced a "new phase" in their relationship for "freer, fairer, and more reciprocal ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2018 |
Report No. R45285 |
Title
Overview of U.S.-South Korea Agricultural Trade Jenny Hopkinson Analyst in Agricultural Policy August 8, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45285 SUMMARY Overview of U.S.-South Korea Agricultural Trade South Korea is an important export market for U.S. agricultural products. In 2017, U.S. farmers and ranchers sold about $7 billion of goods to South Korea, making it the ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2018 |
Report No. R45284 |
Title
Title X Family Planning: Proposed Rule on Statutory Compliance Requirements -name redactedAnalyst in Health Policy -name redactedSenior Research Librarian August 8, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45284 SUMMARY Title X Family Planning: Proposed Rule on Statutory Compliance Requirements R45284 August 8, 2018 name redacted The Title X Family Planning Program (Title X), ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10185 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Abortion, Justice Kennedy, and Judge Kavanaugh August 8, 2018 In 1992, nearly 20 years after it concluded in Roe v. Wade that the Constitution protects a woman s decision to terminate her pregnancy, the Supreme Court in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey adopted a new standard for reviewing the constitutionality of abortion regulations. Under this new standard, ...
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