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| Date Dec. 1, 2016 |
Report No. IN10418 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Internet Sales and State Taxes: Policy Issues December 1, 2016 (IN10418) | Related Authors Sean Lowry Erika K. Lunder | Sean Lowry, Analyst in Public Finance (slowry@crs.loc.gov, 7-9154) Erika K. Lunder, Legislative Attorney (elunder@crs.loc.gov, 7-4538) With the holiday shopping season in full swing, many consumers will choose to buy gifts through online retailers rather than brick- ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2016 |
Report No. IN10614 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT European Union Efforts to Counter Disinformation December 1, 2016 (IN10614) | Related Authors Vincent L. Morelli Kristin Archick | Vincent L. Morelli, Section Research Manager (vmorelli@crs.loc.gov, 7-8051) Kristin Archick, Specialist in European Affairs (karchick@crs.loc.gov, 7-2668) The European Union (EU) is increasingly concerned about the use of propaganda by both state and non- ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2016 |
Report No. R42388 |
Title
The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction ,name redacted,, Coordinator Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process ,name redacted, Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process ,name redacted, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process November 30, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42388 The Congressional Appropriations Process: An ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2016 |
Report No. R44698 |
Title
Demographic and Social Characteristics of Persons in Poverty: 2015 Updated November 30, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44698 Demographic and Social Characteristics of Persons in Poverty: 2015 Summary This report provides a snapshot of the characteristics of the poor in the United States in 2015. It shows that people from families whose income falls below the ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2016 |
Report No. R42098 |
Title
Authorization of Appropriations: Procedural and Legal Issues name redacted Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process name redacted Legislative Attorney November 30, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42098 Authorization of Appropriations: Procedural and Legal Issues Summary To provide funding for discretionary spending programs of the government, Congress generally ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2016 |
Report No. IF10517 |
Title
Updated November 30, 2016 U.S. Stakeholders Critical of U.S.-Mexico Sugar Agreements Overview Two suspension agreements (SAs) between the United States and Mexico in December 2014 recast bilateral trade in Mexican sugar by imposing annual limits on exports and establishing minimum prices for this sugar. The agreements were entered into by the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) with the Mexican ...
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| Date Nov. 29, 2016 |
Report No. IF10528 |
Title
November 29, 2016 Army Corps Permits for Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps) administers a regulatory program that requires permits for certain activities in waters of the United States, including wetlands. Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 U.S.C. 1344), the Corps regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into these waters. Under ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2016 |
Report No. R42394 |
Title
Drug Testing and Crime-Related Restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance Updated November 28, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42394 Drug Testing and Crime-Related Restrictions in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance Summary Throughout the history of social assistance programs, administrators have attempted to limit access only to those families ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2016 |
Report No. 97-290 |
Title
Stormwater Permits: Status of EPA s Regulatory Program name redacted Specialist in Resources and Environmental Policy November 28, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov 97-290 Stormwater Permits: Status of EPA s Regulatory Program Summary The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and states implement a federally mandated program for controlling stormwater discharges from ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2016 |
Report No. DETENTION |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Supreme Court to Hear Challenge to Aliens Detention Pending Removal Proceedings 11/28/2016 On November 30, 2016, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral arguments in Jennings v. Rodriguez. One of four immigration-related cases currently on the Court s docket for its October 2016 Term, this case could have significant implications for the executive branch s ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2016 |
Report No. IF10518 |
Title
November 28, 2016 The Powers of Congress: A Brief Overview Historical Background The modern influence that Congress has in the federal tripartite system of government can be explained by understanding the historical context in which the Framers of the Constitution enacted their vision for the first branch of government. The creation of a Congress in Article I of the Constitution reflects the ...
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| Date Nov. 23, 2016 |
Report No. R44035 |
Title
Regulatory Relief for Banking: Selected Legislation in the 114th Congress Sean M. Hoskins, Coordinator Analyst in Financial Economics Darryl E. Getter Specialist in Financial Economics Raj Gnanarajah Analyst in Financial Economics Marc Labonte Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy Edward V. Murphy Specialist in Financial Economics Gary Shorter Specialist in Financial Economics November 23, 2016 ...
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| Date Nov. 23, 2016 |
Report No. RL33755 |
Title
Federal Income Tax Treatment of the Family Jane G. Gravelle Senior Specialist in Economic Policy November 23, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33755 Federal Income Tax Treatment of the Family Summary Individual income tax provisions have shifted over time, first in increasing the burden on larger families, and then in decreasing it. These shifts were caused by changing tax ...
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| Date Nov. 23, 2016 |
Report No. IF10513 |
Title
Updated November 23, 2016 Financial Innovation: Fintech Recent advances in the capability and use of digital technology are affecting the way many financial services are delivered by companies and used by consumers. Innovations in financial technology or fintech potentially could increase the efficiency and availability of financial services, but may involve potential risks. Congress and ...
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| Date Nov. 23, 2016 |
Report No. IF10512 |
Title
November 23, 2016 Oil and Natural Gas Industry Tax Preferences Corporate income tax policy was an issue in the 2016 presidential campaign and is also expected to be taken up by the 115th Congress. Debate has centered both on the tax rate as well as the tax base. The issue with respect to the tax rate is whether the current top federal corporate rate of 35% is too high compared to that levied by ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2016 |
Report No. R44695 |
Title
The Civil Defense Acquisition Workforce: Enhancing Recruitment Through Hiring Flexibilities Kathryn A. Francis Analyst in Government Organization and Management November 22, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44695 The Civil Defense Acquisition Workforce: Hiring Flexibilities Summary Policymakers and defense acquisition experts have asserted that improved recruitment for the ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2016 |
Report No. 2014IMM |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar The Obama Administration s 2014 Immigration Initiative: Looking Back at What the Obama Administration Has Done and Ahead to the Trump Administration 11/22/2016 As President-elect Trump prepares to take office, questions have been raised about what his Administration might mean for the various immigration-related initiatives that the Obama Administration ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2016 |
Report No. STROKE |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar With the Stroke of a Pen: What Executive Branch Actions Can President-elect Trump Undo on Day One? 11/22/2016 Throughout the campaign, Donald Trump suggested that, if elected, he would rescind significant pieces of the Obama Administration s domestic policy. Now that President-elect Trump will assume the duties and powers of the presidency at noon on January 20 ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2016 |
Report No. CONFLICT |
Title
MEMORANDUM November 22, 2016 Subject: Conflict of Interest and Ethics Provisions That May Apply to the President From: Jack Maskell Legislative Attorney American Law Division This memorandum is intended to briefly identify those provisions of federal statute or regulation that (1) respect conflicts of interest or ethics and (2) may apply to the President. The memorandum begins by noting why ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2016 |
Report No. IF10416 |
Title
Updated November 22, 2016 CCDBG Act of 2014: Key Provisions and Implementation Status The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-186) was signed into law on November 19, 2014. This law reauthorized and amended the CCDBG Act for the first time since 1996. The CCDBG Act is the main federal law governing state child care programs for low-income working families. It is ...
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| Date Nov. 21, 2016 |
Report No. IN10611 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Can a New Administration Undo a Previous Administration's Regulations? November 21, 2016 (IN10611) | Related Author Maeve P. Carey | Maeve P. Carey, Specialist in Government Organization and Management (mcarey@crs.loc.gov, 7-7775) Following the election of Donald J. Trump on November 8, 2016, questions have been raised as to whether and how a new President's administration can amend or ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2016 |
Report No. R43860 |
Title
Methane: An Introduction to Emission Sources and Reduction Strategies ,name redacted,, Coordinator Specialist in Environmental Policy ,name redacted, Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Resources Policy ,name redacted, Specialist in Environmental Policy ,name redacted, Information Research Specialist November 18, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43860 Methane ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2016 |
Report No. R42351 |
Title
Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for Congress Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy November 18, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42351 Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for Congress Summary The Internet is often described as a network of networks because it is not a single physical entity, but hundreds of ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2016 |
Report No. IF10508 |
Title
November 18, 2016 Global Efforts to Control Cholera Background Cholera is a severe diarrheal infection that is contracted by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease is found primarily in countries without sufficient access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene. Cholera can also commonly be found in urban slums and camps for internally displaced ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2016 |
Report No. IF10507 |
Title
November 18, 2016 Petroleum Coke: Industry, Health, and Environmental Issues North American crude oil and natural gas production has increased significantly over the past decade, primarily as a result of new or improved technologies (e.g., hydraulic fracturing, directional drilling, in situ injection) used on unconventional resources (e.g., shale, tight sands, coalbed methane, oil sands). The ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2016 |
Report No. MAJOR-RULES-CRA |
Title
MEMORANDUM November 17, 2016 Subject: Major Obama Administration Rules Potentially Eligible to be Overturned under the Congressional Review Act in the 115th Congress From: Maeve P. Carey, Specialist in Government Organization and Management (7-7775) Christopher M. Davis, Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process (7-0656) Casey Burgat, Research Assistant (7-7109) This memorandum was prepared ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2016 |
Report No. RL32004 |
Title
Social Security Benefits for Noncitizens Dawn Nuschler Specialist in Income Security Alison Siskin Specialist in Immigration Policy November 17, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32004 Social Security Benefits for Noncitizens Summary Concerns about the number of unauthorized (illegal) aliens residing in the United States have fostered considerable interest in the eligibility ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2016 |
Report No. R43308 |
Title
Infrastructure Finance and Debt to Support Surface Transportation Investment William J. Mallett Specialist in Transportation Policy Grant A. Driessen Analyst in Public Finance November 17, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43308 Infrastructure Finance and Debt to Support Surface Transportation Investment Summary Investment in surface transportation infrastructure is funded ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2016 |
Report No. IN10610 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT CRISPR: A Revolutionary Tool for Editing the Code of Life? November 17, 2016 (IN10610) | Related Authors Marcy E. Gallo John F. Sargent Jr. | Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy (mgallo@crs.loc.gov, 7-0518) John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy (jsargent@crs.loc.gov, 7-9147) Genes, the fundamental code of life, are written in DNA ( ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2016 |
Report No. IF10502 |
Title
Updated November 17, 2016 Haiti: Cholera, the United Nations, and Hurricane Matthew Hurricane Matthew hit Haiti on October 4, 2016, causing widespread damage and flooding and leaving 1.4 million people in need of immediate assistance. Observers are concerned that the country might experience a surge in cholera reminiscent of the 2010 outbreak that claimed the lives of thousands of people. Prior to ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2016 |
Report No. IF10504 |
Title
November 16, 2016 Defense Primer: The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Under Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, Congress has the power to raise and support armies; provide and maintain a navy; and provide for organizing and disciplining their members. Under this authority, Congress has enacted the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the code of military criminal ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2016 |
Report No. INDIA-WTO |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Certain U.S. Laws for Foreign Workers Draw Fire from India in the WTO 11/16/2016 In March 2016, India officially brought a potentially major challenge in the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system against the United States. Specifically, the dispute concerns U.S. immigration laws that (1) increased fees for certain temporary foreign workers ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2016 |
Report No. IN10605 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT China and the Hong Kong High Court Issue Decisions on Legislative Council Controversy (Update) November 15, 2016 (IN10605) | Related Author Michael F. Martin | Michael F. Martin, Specialist in Asian Affairs (mfmartin@crs.loc.gov, 7-2199) On November 7, 2016, China's National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) issued a decision concerning the oaths that Hong Kong officials, ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2016 |
Report No. IN10609 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Justice Department's Role in Cyber Incident Response November 15, 2016 (IN10609) | Related Author Kristin Finklea | Kristin Finklea, Specialist in Domestic Security (kfinklea@crs.loc.gov, 7-6259) Criminals and other malicious actors increasingly rely on the Internet and rapidly evolving technology to further their operations. They exploit cyberspace, where they can mask their ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2016 |
Report No. IN10607 |
Title
Since the 1970s, producers of certain agricultural commodities have been covered by checkoff programs to fund generic promotion activities (such as advertising "Got Milk?" and "Incredible Edible Egg"). These programs, sanctioned under federal law, have at times been controversial because they require affected producers and other market participants to pay assessments to cover the cost of these ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44687 |
Title
Antiquities Act: Scope of Authority for Modification of National Monuments Alexandra M. Wyatt Legislative Attorney November 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44687 Antiquities Act: Scope of Authority for Modification of Natgional Monuments Summary The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorizes the President to declare, by proclamation, that objects of historic or scientific ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44550 |
Title
NATO s Warsaw Summit: In Brief Paul Belkin Analyst in European Affairs November 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44550 NATO s Warsaw Summit: In Brief Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Key Summit Outcomes ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2016 |
Report No. IN10606 |
Title
As election cycles end, campaign finance summaries are of interest in Congress, among researchers, and for the media, but figures can vary substantially by source, time period, and content. Even basic terminology often is inconsistent. This CRS "Insight" provides brief background information for congressional readers who are interpreting campaign finance summary data. Recent Examples Campaign ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2016 |
Report No. IN10602 |
Title
Moldova's presidential election, on October 30 and November 13, 2016, has occurred at a challenging time for this small state located between Romania and Ukraine. In the second round of the election, the Russian-leaning Socialist Party leader Igor Dodon won 52% of the vote and his competitor, former Minister of Education (and former World Bank economist) Maia Sandu, received 48%. This is the first ...
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| Date Nov. 10, 2016 |
Report No. DUALPROS |
Title
Legal Sidebar Supreme Court Says Dual Prosecutions by the Federal Government and Puerto Rico Violate Double Jeopardy 11/10/2016 A case recently decided by the Supreme Court considered the legal nature of the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States in a unique context. In Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle, the Court examined whether defendants in a criminal case can be prosecuted under ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R44635 |
Title
Navy Force Structure: A Bigger Fleet? Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44635 Navy Force Structure: A Bigger Fleet? Background and Issues for Congress Summary Current Navy plans call for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 308 ships of certain types and numbers. Some observers have ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R44684 |
Title
Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in Senators Offices, 2006-2016 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American National Government November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44684 Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in Senators Offices, 2006-2016 Summary The length of time a congressional staff member spends employed in a ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R43400 |
Title
Work Requirements, Time Limits, and Work Incentives in TANF, SNAP, and Housing Assistance name redacted Specialist in Social Policy name redacted Specialist in Housing Policy name redacted Analyst in Nutrition Assistance Policy November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43400 Work Requirements, Time Limits, Work Incentives: TANF, SNAP, Housing Assistance Summary Congress ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R44685 |
Title
Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in Senate Committees, 2006-2016 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American National Government November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44685 Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in Senate Committees, 2006-2016 Summary The length of time a congressional staff member spends employed in a ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R44683 |
Title
Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in House Committees, 2006-2016 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American National Government November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44683 Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in House Committees, 2006-2016 Summary The length of time a congressional staff member spends employed in a ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2016 |
Report No. R44682 |
Title
Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2006-2016 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National Government Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American National Government November 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44682 Staff Tenure in Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2006-2016 Summary The length of time a congressional staff member spends ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2016 |
Report No. R44681 |
Title
Intelligence Community Programs, Management, and Enduring Issues Anne Daugherty Miles Analyst in Intelligence and National Security Policy November 8, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44681 Intelligence Community Programs, Management, and Enduring Issues Summary Congress s and the American public s ability to oversee and understand how intelligence dollars are spent is ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2016 |
Report No. IF10469 |
Title
November 8, 2016 The U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) The U.S. intelligence community (IC) is charged with providing intelligence that is timely, objective, independent of political considerations, and based upon all sources available to the intelligence community to decision makers in the national security policy process. Figure 1. IC Structure (2016) Decision makers in need of intelligence are ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2016 |
Report No. IMMUNITY |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar When Does Sovereign Immunity Protect Property Owned by State Sponsors of Terrorism? 11/08/2016 As Congress s first veto override of the Obama Administration, the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) brought national and international attention to the circumstances in which foreign nations may be sued in U.S. courts under the Foreign Sovereign ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2016 |
Report No. R44678 |
Title
The Terrorist Screening Database and Preventing Terrorist Travel Jerome P. Bjelopera Specialist in Organized Crime and Terrorism Bart Elias Specialist in Aviation Policy Alison Siskin Specialist in Immigration Policy November 7, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44678 The Terrorist Screening Database and Preventing Terrorist Travel Summary After the terrorist attacks of ...
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