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| Date Feb. 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10411 |
Title
Legal Sidebari District Court Rejects DOI s Ban on Tribes Re-petitioning for Federal Recognition February 26, 2020 On January 10, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington held that the Department of the Interior s (DOI) 2015 Final Rule revising 25 C.F.R. Part 83 to ban Indian groups from re-petitioning after DOI denied federal recognition was arbitrary and capricious. ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10135 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Is There Liability for Cross-Border Shooting? Updated February 26, 2020 Update: On February 25, 2020, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Fifth Circuit, holding that the Bivens theory cannot be extended to encompass an implied-cause-of-action for cross-border shooting claims. In 2010, a border patrol agent, standing in the United States, shot and killed a 15-year old ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2020 |
Report No. IF11348 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2020 U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program Congress passed the U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone Act (P.L. 73397, 19 U.S.C. 81[a-u]) in 1934, which authorized the creation of the FTZ Program. The intent of the program was to encourage international trade and increase U.S. exports. FTZs are designated areas of the United States into which zone users may import goods duty-free, subject to ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10380 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATE: Make it Snappy? Congress Debates Snap Removals of Lawsuits to Federal Court Updated February 25, 2020 Whether a lawsuit proceeds in state or federal court can have significant practical consequences. For various reasons, some litigants and commentators perceive state courts as more favorable to plaintiffs and federal courts as more favorable to defendants. For instance, the ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2020 |
Report No. RS22204 |
Title
U.S. Trade Deficit and the Impact of Changing Oil Prices Updated February 24, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22204 SUMMARY U.S. Trade Deficit and the Impact of Changing Oil Prices RS22204 February 24, 2020 James K. Jackson Exports and imports of petroleum products and changes in their prices have long had a large Specialist in International Trade and Finance ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2020 |
Report No. IN11114 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2020 LHHS Appropriations: Status Jessica Tollestrup Specialist in Social Policy Karen E. Lynch Specialist in Social Policy Updated February 24, 2020 On December 20, 2019, the President signed into law the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-94). This law contains full-year FY2020 appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. R42346 |
Title
Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data Updated February 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42346 Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data Summary The federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four major federal land management agencies administer 606.5 million acres of this land (as ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. R46237 |
Title
The 2020 Census: Frequently Asked Questions February 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46237 SUMMARY The 2020 Census: Frequently Asked Questions April 1, 2020, will mark the official date of the 24th U.S. decennial census. Mandated by the Constitution and federal law, the census is considered a cornerstone of the nation s representative democracy. ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IF11438 |
Title
February 21, 2020 Sanctuary Jurisdictions: Policy Overview Overview Jurisdictions with sanctuary policies have been controversial for decades, highlighting a tension between federal agencies charged with immigration enforcement, and states and localities (e.g., counties, cities) that limit their cooperation in this regard. The prominence of immigration enforcement for the Trump Administration, and ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. R43470 |
Title
Selected Agency Budget Justifications for FY2021 Updated February 21, 2020 (R43470) Jump to Main Text of Report Contents Introduction Online Access to Budget Justifications Executive Departments Selected Independent Agencies Additional Information Summary This report provides a convenient listing of online FY2021 agency budget justification submissions for all 15 executive branch departments and 9 ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IF11135 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2020 Deadlines, Programs, and Regulations Mandated by FIRRMA Overview On August 13, 2018, President Trump signed the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA) (Subtitle A, Title XVII, P.L. 115-232). FIRRMA required significant changes to the jurisdiction and processes of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Among other items ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IF10952 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2020 CFIUS Reform Under FIRRMA Overview Some Members of Congress, the Trump Administration, and some U.S. businesses have raised concerns over the risks to continued U.S. technological leadership to support national defense and economic security due to growing foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily by Chinese firms, in U.S. high-tech companies. On August 13, 2018, ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IF11345 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2020 Carbon Sequestration Legislation in the 116th Congress Utilizing permanent underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), also known as geological sequestration, as a potential strategy to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is receiving increasing congressional attention. Proponents of geological sequestration of CO2 view the process as a promising method of reducing ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IF11437 |
Title
February 21, 2020 Transfer of Defense Articles: Foreign Military Sales (FMS) The United States sells more than $55 billion worth of defense articles and services annually to foreign governments to advance U.S. security and economic interests. Such purchases are managed primarily through the Foreign Military Sales program (FMS), through which the U.S. government procures defense articles as an ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2020 |
Report No. IN11227 |
Title
INSIGHTi Foreign Assistance for International Conservation Pervaze A. Sheikh Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Lucas F. Bermejo Research Assistant February 21, 2020 The United States provides foreign assistance to support myriad global objectives, including the conservation of wildlife and ecosystems. The United States provides foreign assistance in the form of financial, programmatic, and ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2020 |
Report No. R46235 |
Title
Rural Development Provisions in the 2018 Farm Bill (P.L. 115-334) February 20, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46235 SUMMARY Rural Development Provisions in the 2018 Farm Bill (P.L. 115-334) R46235 February 20, 2020 Alyssa R. Casey The U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA) Rural Development agency (RD) administers Analyst in Agricultural Policy programs to ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2020 |
Report No. IN11224 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2021 Defense Budget Request: An Overview February 20, 2020 The FY2021 President s budget request includes $753.5 billion in budget authority for national defense. National defense is one of 20 major functions used by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to aggregate budget data and the largest in terms of discretionary spending. The national defense budget function (identified by ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2020 |
Report No. IF11435 |
Title
February 20, 2020 Supplemental Appropriations for Army Corps Flood Response and Recovery The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, or Army Corps) has a prominent role in responding to natural disasters, especially floods, in U.S. states and territories. Congress has provided USACE with authorities to perform emergency flood fighting (e.g., sandbagging and temporary levee construction) and to repair ...
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| Date Feb. 19, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10410 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Amazon s Protest of DoD s JEDI Cloud Computing Contract: A Legal Analysis February 19, 2020 In October 2019, after an approximately two-year competitive bidding procurement process, the Department of Defense (DoD) announced that it had awarded a Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) cloud services contract to Microsoft Corporation. In November 2019, Amazon Web Services, ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R44580 |
Title
Workers Compensation: Overview and Issues Updated February 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44580 Workers Compensation: Overview and Issues Summary Workers compensation provides cash and medical benefits to workers who are injured or become ill in the course of their employment and provides cash benefits to the survivors of workers killed on the job. ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IN11223 |
Title
INSIGHTi FERC Directs PJM to Expand Minimum Offer Price Rule February 18, 2020 On December 18, 2019, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued an order directing the PJM regional transmission organization (RTO) to expand its Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) as a move to address subsidies to electric power generation resources by states, with certain exemptions. FERC stated that it ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10391 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATED: Recent U.S. Airstrikes: Legal Authorities and Questions Updated February 18, 2020 Update: The Trump Administration has reported to Congress a change in application of the existing legal and policy frameworks regarding the use of military force, which presented the following legal justification for the January airstrikes: Article II of the United States Constitution, ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IF10308 |
Title
Updated February 18, 2020 Workers Compensation: Overview and Issues Introduction Nearly all workers and employers in the United States are covered by workers compensation. When a covered worker is injured, becomes sick, or dies as a result of his or her employment, that worker is entitled to full medical coverage for the injury, cash benefits to replace a portion of wages lost due to inability to ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IF11432 |
Title
February 18, 2020 Federal Aid for Individuals Pursuing Non-degree Education and Training Programs Introduction The Trump Administration and Congress have demonstrated bipartisan support for increasing federal assistance to individuals pursuing postsecondary nondegree programs, sometimes referred to as short-term programs. A prominent argument for supporting individuals pursuing non-degree programs ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2020 |
Report No. IF10520 |
Title
Updated February 18, 2020 Immigration Immigration is a multifaceted policy issue that involves temporarily or permanently admitting foreign nationals (in statute, aliens) into the United States and enforcing immigration laws. It is a perennial topic of congressional oversight and legislation. In recent years, the executive branch has taken the lead in implementing numerous policy initiatives, ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2020 |
Report No. R46231 |
Title
Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46231 SUMMARY Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues R46231 February 14, 2020 Melissa N. Diaz The market for electrified light-duty vehicles (also called passenger vehicles; including passenger Analyst in Energy Policy ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2020 |
Report No. R46226 |
Title
Liberia: Background and U.S. Relations February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46226 SUMMARY Liberia: Background and U.S. Relations R46226 February 14, 2020 Introduction. Congress has shown enduring interest in Liberia, a small coastal West African country of about 4.8 million people. The United States played a key role in the Tomas F. Husted Analyst in ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2020 |
Report No. R43769 |
Title
Accomplices, Aiding and Abetting, and the Like: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. 2 Updated February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43769 Accomplices, Aiding and Abetting, and the Like: Overview of 18 U.S.C. 2 Summary Virtually every federal criminal statute has a hidden feature; primary offenders and even their most casual accomplices face equal punishment. This ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2020 |
Report No. R43770 |
Title
Accomplices, Aiding and Abetting, and the Like: An Abbreviated Overview of 18 U.S.C. 2 Updated February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43770 Accomplices, Aiding and Abetting, and the Like: Abbreviated Overview of 18 U.S.C. 2 Summary Virtually every federal criminal statute has a hidden feature; primary offenders and even their most casual accomplices face ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IF10853 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2020 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards State and federal governments have long regulated safety practices at facilities that store large amounts of hazardous chemicals to reduce the risk of harm from an accidental release. In 2006, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 109-295) authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. R45944 |
Title
Brexit: Status and Outlook Updated February 13, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45944 SUMMARY Brexit: Status and Outlook The United Kingdom (UK) formally withdrew from membership in the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020. Under the withdrawal agreement negotiated by the two sides, the UK is to continue applying EU rules during a transition period scheduled ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. R45235 |
Title
Economic and Fiscal Conditions in the U.S. Virgin Islands D. Andrew Austin Analyst in Economic Policy Updated February 13, 2020 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45235 Economic and Fiscal Conditions in the U.S. Virgin Islands Summary Fiscal and economic challenges facing the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) government raise several issues for Congress. Congress may choose to maintain ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. IN11138 |
Title
INSIGHTi Currency Manipulation and Countervailing Duties Rebecca M. Nelson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Christopher A. Casey Analyst in International Trade and Finance Updated February 13, 2020 On February 4, 2020, the Commerce Department issued a final rule that paves the way for imposing tariffs on imports from countries determined by the U.S. government to be undervaluing their ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. IN11221 |
Title
INSIGHTi Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in the Military Bryce H. P. Mendez Analyst in Defense Health Care Policy February 13, 2020 On January 7, 2020, the Department of Defense (DOD) reported that the Islamic Republic of Iran launched a number of ballistic missiles at certain Iraqi military bases hosting U.S. and coalition military forces. These forces utilize Iraqi military ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10316 |
Title
Legal Sidebari FY2020 NDAA Analysis: Elimination of Benefits Offset for Surviving Spouses and Related Legal Issues Updated February 13, 2020 Efforts to eliminate a benefits offset that affects surviving spouses widows and widowers of deceased military servicemembers gained momentum in the 116th Congress. Bills to accomplish this had been introduced for several years, and garnered significant ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. IN11222 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Developments in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict Cory Welt Specialist in European Affairs February 13, 2020 On January 31, 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Michael Pompeo met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv. The meeting occurred during the Senate s presidential impeachment trial and two months after the relaunch of international talks on resolving the conflict in ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. IF11107 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2020 U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues in 2020 This year marks the 25th anniversary of the United States and Vietnam reestablishing diplomatic relations. Over the last 25 years, U.S.-Vietnam economic and trade relations have expanded rapidly (see Figure 1). The United States was Vietnam s 2nd largest trading partner in 2019; Vietnam was the United States 13th ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10406 |
Title
Legal Sidebari What Is An Autodialer? A Lingering Robocall Enforcement Question February 13, 2020 On December 30, 2019, President Trump signed the Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act (TRACED Act) into law. The TRACED Act is Congress s latest effort to control the proliferation of unwanted automated telemarketing calls, commonly known as robocalls. The ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2020 |
Report No. R45755 |
Title
Legislative Branch: FY2020 Appropriations Ida A. Brudnick Specialist on the Congress Updated February 12, 2020 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45755 SUMMARY Legislative Branch: FY2020 Appropriations The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (formerly ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2020 |
Report No. USPP |
Title
MEMORANDUM February 12, 2020 Subject: Israel and the Palestinians: Background Memorandum on U.S. Peace Plan From: Jim Zanotti, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, jzanotti@crs.loc.gov, 7-1441 This memorandum was prepared to enable distribution to more than one congressional office. Issue Overview President Trump released a long-promised Peace to Prosperity plan for Israel and the Palestinians on ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2020 |
Report No. M20200212 |
Title
MEMORANDUM February 12, 2020 Subject: Israel and the Palestinians: Background Memorandum on U.S. Peace Plan From: Jim Zanotti, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, jzanotti@crs.loc.gov, 7-1441 This memorandum was prepared to enable distribution to more than one congressional office. Issue Overview President Trump released a long-promised Peace to Prosperity plan for Israel and the Palestinians on ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2020 |
Report No. IF11239 |
Title
Updated February 12, 2020 The Internet of Things (IoT): An Overview The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated devices connected to a network and/or to one another, exchanging data without necessarily requiring human-tomachine interaction. In other words, IoT is a collection of electronic devices that can share information among themselves. Examples include smart factories, smart ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2020 |
Report No. R46221 |
Title
Drug Pricing and Pharmaceutical Patenting Practices Kevin T. Richards, Coordinator Legislative Attorney Kevin J. Hickey Legislative Attorney Erin H. Ward Legislative Attorney February 11, 2020 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R46221 SUMMARY Drug Pricing and Pharmaceutical Patenting Practices Intellectual property (IP) rights in pharmaceuticals are typically justified as necessary ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2020 |
Report No. R46247 |
Title
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2021 Budget Request Fact Sheet February 11, 2020 (R46247) Contents Introduction HUD President's FY2021 Budget Request Totals Gross Budget Authority Net Budget Authority Program Eliminations Funding Reductions Funding Increases Rental Assistance Legislative Proposals Figures Figure 1. Total HUD Discretionary Funding With and Without Savings from ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2020 |
Report No. IF11425 |
Title
February 11, 2020 Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) and Medicare Medicare enrollment impacts an otherwise eligible individual s ability to establish and contribute to a health savings account (HSA). Although Medicare enrollees cannot establish HSAs or make or receive contributions to their existing accounts, these individuals can withdraw any remaining balances in previously established accounts. ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IN10185 |
Title
Congress May Consider Options to Extend Expiring Funds for Primary Care Updated February 10, 2020 The Affordable Care Act (ACA), enacted in March 2010, appropriated mandatory funds to support three programs focused on expanding access to primary care services for populations that are typically underserved. These three programs are the Health Centers program, the National Health Service Corps (NHSC ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2020 |
Report No. R42619 |
Title
Cybersecurity: CRS Experts Eric A. Fischer Senior Specialist in Science and Technology July 23, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42619 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Cybersecurity: CRS Experts T he following table provides names and contact information for CRS experts on policy issues related to cybersecurity bills currently being ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IF11250 |
Title
Updated February 10, 2020 FDA Regulation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Consumer Products Cannabidiol (CBD) is promoted as treatment for a range of conditions, including anxiety, pain, inflammation, and posttraumatic stress disorder despite limited scientific evidence to substantiate or disprove many of these claims. CBD is derived from the Cannabis sativa plant (commonly referred to as cannabis), which ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10405 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Court Tosses Convictions for Killing ICE Agent Abroad February 10, 2020 In United States v. Garcia Sota, two defendants were each convicted on four counts under three different statutes 18 U.S.C. 924(c), 1114, and 1116 for attacking a pair of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents in Mexico, killing one and wounding the other. A panel of the United States Court of ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2020 |
Report No. R46216 |
Title
The Army s Modernization Strategy: Congressional Oversight Considerations February 7, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46216 SUMMARY The Army s Modernization Strategy: Congressional Oversight Considerations In October 2019, the Army published a new modernization strategy aimed at transforming the Army in order to conduct Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) which are ...
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