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Report No.
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| Date Jan. 7, 2015 |
Report No. R43349 |
Title
. U.S. Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits and Pension Funding Issues Kirstin B. Blom Analyst in Health Care Financing Katelin P. Isaacs Analyst in Income Security January 7, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43349 U.S. Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits and Pension Funding Issues . Summary Congress designed the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) to be a self-supporting ...
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| Date Jan. 7, 2015 |
Report No. R43850 |
Title
. Out-of-Pocket Costs for Medicaid Beneficiaries: In Brief Elicia J. Herz Specialist in Health Care Financing January 7, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43850 Out-of-Pocket Costs for Medicaid Beneficiaries: In Brief . Summary The federal Medicaid statute and accompanying regulations include provisions that states can apply to certain program beneficiaries with respect to ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2015 |
Report No. R42895 |
Title
Clean Air Issues in the 113th Congress: An Overview James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy January 6, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42895 Clean Air Issues in the 113th Congress: An Overview Summary Oversight of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory actions was the main focus of interest as the 113th Congress considered air quality issues. Of ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2015 |
Report No. IF10026 |
Title
January 6, 2015 Lower Oil Prices 2015 Oil prices, long recognized as volatile, have declined sharply since June 2014. During the last week of June 2014, the prices of Brent, the world reference crude oil, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI), the U.S. reference crude oil, were $113.74 and $107.04 per barrel, respectively, at their peaks. As 2015 began, the price of Brent was $57.86 and the price of ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. RL31555 |
Title
China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues Shirley A. Kan Specialist in Asian Security Affairs January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31555 China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues Summary Congress has long been concerned about whether policy advances the U.S. interest in reducing the ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. RL32496 |
Title
U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress (name redacted) Specialist in Asian Security Affairs January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL32496 U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress Summary This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, discusses policy issues regarding militaryto-military (mil-to-mil) contacts with the People s Republic of China ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. RL30957 |
Title
Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 /name redacted/ Specialist in Asian Security Affairs January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL30957 Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 Summary This report, updated through the 113th Congress, discusses U.S. security assistance to Taiwan (calling itself Republic of China (ROC)), including policy issues for Congress and ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. R43848 |
Title
Cyber Operations in DOD Policy and Plans: Issues for Congress Catherine A. Theohary Specialist in National Security Policy and Information Operations Anne I. Harrington APSA Congressional Fellow January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43848 Cyber Operations in DOD Policy and Plans: Issues for Congress Summary Cyberspace is defined by the Department of Defense as a global ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. R41952 |
Title
U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues (name redacted) Specialist in Asian Security Affairs (name redacted) Specialist in Asian Trade and Finance January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R41952 U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues Summary This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, provides an overview with analysis of the major issues ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. RL30341 |
Title
China/Taiwan: Evolution of the One China Policy Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei (name redacted) Specialist in Asian Security Affairs January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL30341 China/Taiwan: Evolution of the One China Policy Summary Despite broadly consistent statements, the U.S. one China policy concerning Taiwan remains somewhat ambiguous and ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. R43508 |
Title
FY2015 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations: Fact Sheet Updated January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43508 FY2015 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations: Fact Sheet he annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) appropriations act provides funding for agencies such as the Census Bureau; ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. R43843 |
Title
Proposed Retirement of A-10 Aircraft: Background in Brief Jeremiah Gertler Specialist in Military Aviation January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43843 Proposed Retirement of A-10 Aircraft: Background in Brief Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. R43845 |
Title
. Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Employment Discrimination Jane M. Smith Legislative Attorney January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43845 Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Employment Discrimination . Summary Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (together, ADA) prohibit ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2015 |
Report No. RS22570 |
Title
Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments name redacted Specialist in Asian Security Affairs January 5, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RS22570 Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments Summary Since 2000, the U.S. military has been building up forward-deployed forces on the westernmost U.S. territory of Guam (west of Hawaii) to increase U.S. operational presence, deterrence, and power projection ...
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| Date Jan. 2, 2015 |
Report No. R43067 |
Title
Insurance Regulation: Issues, Background, and Legislation in the 113th Congress Baird Webel Specialist in Financial Economics January 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43067 Insurance Regulation: Issues, Background, and Legislation in the 113th Congress Summary The individual states have been the primary regulators of insurance since 1868. Following the 1945 McCarran- ...
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| Date Jan. 2, 2015 |
Report No. R40477 |
Title
Desalination and Membrane Technologies: Federal Research and Adoption Issues Nicole T. Carter Specialist in Natural Resources Policy January 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40477 Desalination and Membrane Technologies: Federal Research and Adoption Issues Summary In the United States, desalination and membrane technologies are used to augment municipal water supply, ...
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| Date Jan. 2, 2015 |
Report No. R43842 |
Title
Constitutional Authorities Under Which Congress Regulates State Taxation Erika K. Lunder Legislative Attorney Kenneth R. Thomas Legislative Attorney January 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43842 Constitutional Authorities Under Which Congress Regulates State Taxation Summary A variety of clauses in the U.S. Constitution provide direct and implicit authority for Congress ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. R43442 |
Title
U.S. Crude Oil Export Policy: Background and Considerations Phillip Brown Specialist in Energy Policy Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics Adam Vann Legislative Attorney Ian F. Fergusson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Michael Ratner Specialist in Energy Policy Jonathan L. Ramseur Specialist in Environmental Policy December 31, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. R43840 |
Title
Federal Income Taxes and Noncitizens: Frequently Asked Questions Erika K. Lunder Legislative Attorney Margot L. Crandall-Hollick Analyst in Public Finance December 31, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43840 Federal Income Taxes and Noncitizens: Frequently Asked Questions Summary This report answers frequently asked questions about noncitizens and federal income taxes. ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. R43619 |
Title
Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation in the 113th Congress: Issue Summary and Side-bySide Analysis Baird Webel Specialist in Financial Economics December 31, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43619 TRIA in the 113th Congress: Issue Summary and Side-by-Side Analysis Summary Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, insurance covering terrorism losses was normally ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. R43337 |
Title
. Public-Private Partnerships for Purposes of Federal Real Property Management Garrett Hatch Specialist in American National Government Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney December 31, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43337 Public-Private Partnerships for Purposes of Federal Real Property Management . Summary While public-private partnerships (PPPs) have long been used to ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. R40238 |
Title
The Presidential Records Act: Background and Recent Issues for Congress Wendy Ginsberg Analyst in American National Government December 31, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40238 The Presidential Records Act: Background and Recent Issues for Congress Summary Presidential documents are historical resources that capture each incumbent s conduct in presidential office. Pursuant ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2014 |
Report No. IF10034 |
Title
December 31, 2014 New Era Dawns in U.S.-Mexico Sugar Trade Overview On December 19, 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) signed an agreement with the Government of Mexico suspending the agency s countervailing duty (CVD) investigation into subsidization of Mexican sugar exports. The DOC also signed a second agreement with Mexican sugar producers and exporters that suspends an antidumping ( ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R43634 |
Title
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Eligibility and Benefit Amounts in State TANF Cash Assistance Programs Gene Falk Specialist in Social Policy December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43634 TANF: Eligibility and Benefit Amounts in State Cash Assistance Programs Summary The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant helps states fund, among ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R42537 |
Title
Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Richard K. Lattanzio Analyst in Environmental Policy December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42537 Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary Canadian Oil Sands and Climate Change Recent congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R43564 |
Title
The ACA Medicaid Expansion Alison Mitchell Analyst in Health Care Financing December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43564 The ACA Medicaid Expansion Summary Historically, Medicaid eligibility has generally been limited to certain low-income children, pregnant women, parents of dependent children, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities; however, as of January 1, ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R43162 |
Title
The U.S. Postal Service s Financial Condition: A Primer Daniel J. Richardson Research Assistant December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43162 The U.S. Postal Service s Financial Condition: A Primer Summary Since 1971, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been a self-supporting government agency that covers its operating costs with revenues generated through the sales of ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R42106 |
Title
Secret Sessions of the House and Senate: Authority, Confidentiality, and Frequency Christopher M. Davis Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42106 Secret Sessions of the House and Senate: Authority, Confidentiality, and Frequency Summary Secret, or closed, sessions of the House and Senate exclude the press and the ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2014 |
Report No. R43855 |
Title
. Rehabilitation Act: Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants Benjamin Collins Analyst in Labor Policy December 30, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43855 Rehabilitation Act: Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants . Summary The federal government is authorized to make grants to state agencies for vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. These grants support services to help ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2014 |
Report No. R43024 |
Title
Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs December 29, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43024 Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Summary Cuba remains a one-party communist state with a poor record on human rights. The country s political succession in 2006 from the long-ruling Fidel Castro to his brother Ra l was ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2014 |
Report No. R43837 |
Title
An Overview of Selected Legislation in the 113th Congress Related to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Sean M. Hoskins Analyst in Financial Economics Maeve P. Carey Analyst in Government Organization and Management Wendy Ginsberg Analyst in American National Government December 29, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43837 An Overview of Selected Legislation ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2014 |
Report No. R41168 |
Title
Contract Types: Legal Overview Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney December 29, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41168 Contract Types: Legal Overview Summary Federal procurement contracts are commonly divided into two main types fixed-price and costreimbursement that primarily differ as to whether the government or the contractor assumes the risk of increases in the costs of ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2014 |
Report No. R43577 |
Title
U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2015 Appropriations Peter J. Meyer Analyst in Latin American Affairs December 23, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43577 U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean Summary Geographic proximity has forged strong linkages between the United States and the nations of Latin America ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2014 |
Report No. R42325 |
Title
Definitions of Inherently Governmental Function in Federal Procurement Law and Guidance Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney December 23, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42325 Definitions of Inherently Governmental Function in Federal Procurement Law Summary Functions that federal law and policy require to be performed by government personnel, not contractor employees, are ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2014 |
Report No. R43195 |
Title
Securing U.S. Diplomatic Facilities and Personnel Abroad: Legislative and Executive Branch Initiatives Alex Tiersky Analyst in Foreign Affairs December 23, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43195 Securing U.S. Diplomatic Facilities and Personnel Abroad Summary The September 11, 2012, attack on U.S. facilities in Benghazi, Libya, prompted sustained congressional attention on ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2014 |
Report No. R43834 |
Title
The Political Question Doctrine: Justiciability and the Separation of Powers Jared P. Cole Legislative Attorney December 23, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43834 The Political Question Doctrine: Justiciability and the Separation of Powers Summary Article III of the Constitution restricts the jurisdiction of federal courts to deciding actual Cases and Controversies. The ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2014 |
Report No. R43144 |
Title
NASA: Issues for Authorization, Appropriations, and Oversight in the 114th Congress Daniel Morgan Specialist in Science and Technology Policy December 22, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43144 NASA: Issues for Authorization, Appropriations, and Oversight in the 114th Congress Summary Spaceflight fascinates and inspires many Americans, but in a time of constrained federal ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2014 |
Report No. 98-323 |
Title
. Wastewater Treatment: Overview and Background Claudia Copeland Specialist in Resources and Environmental Policy December 22, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov 98-323 Wastewater Treatment: Overview and Background . Summary The Clean Water Act prescribes performance levels to be attained by municipal sewage treatment plants in order to prevent the discharge of harmful wastes ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2014 |
Report No. R43490 |
Title
. Reauthorization of the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA) Dana A. Scherer Analyst in Telecommunications December 22, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43490 Reauthorization of the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA) . Summary One hundred sixteen million U.S. households watch television. Approximately 86% of those households subscribe ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2014 |
Report No. IF10029 |
Title
December 22, 2014 China, U.S. Leadership, and Geopolitical Challenges in Asia After 35 years of fast-paced economic growth, China is now the world s second-largest economy in nominal terms and is estimated to be the largest in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, with a modernizing military and enhanced strategic clout. China is the United States second largest trading partner. For more than 120 ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. R42956 |
Title
. Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues for the 113th Congress Mark P. Sullivan, Coordinator Specialist in Latin American Affairs December 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42956 Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues for the 113th Congress . Summary Geographic proximity has ensured strong linkages between the United States and the Latin American and Caribbean ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. R42753 |
Title
DHS Headquarters Consolidation Project: Issues for Congress (name redacted) Analyst in Emergency Management and Homeland Security Policy December 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42753 DHS Headquarters Consolidation Project: Issues for Congress Summary The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established in early 2003, bringing together existing parts of 22 ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. R41532 |
Title
The American Community Survey: Development, Implementation, and Issues for Congress name redacted Specialist in American National Government December 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R41532 The American Community Survey: Development, Implementation, and Issues for Congress Summary The American Community Survey (ACS), implemented nationwide in 2005 and 2006, is the U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. IF10028 |
Title
December 19, 2014 Options for Establishing a Temporary Advisory Body Overview Temporary advisory bodies are formal groups established to provide independent advice, make recommendations for changes in public policy, study or investigate a particular problem or event, or perform a specific duty. Usually composed of policy experts chosen by Members of Congress and/or officials in the executive ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. IF10027 |
Title
December 19, 2014 Congressional Commissions: Costs and Cost-Saving Strategies Overview Congressional commissions are temporary advisory bodies, usually established by statute, that provide independent advice to Congress, make recommendations for changes in public policy, study or investigate a particular problem or event, or perform a specific duty. Commission costs vary widely. Commemorative ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. R43578 |
Title
. FY2015 Department of Housing and Urban Development Appropriations: Fact Sheet Libby Perl Specialist in Housing Policy Katie Jones Analyst in Housing Policy Eugene Boyd Analyst in Federalism and Economic Development Policy Maggie McCarty Specialist in Housing Policy December 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43578 FY2015 Department of Housing and Urban Development ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. 98-183 |
Title
. Senate Committees: Categories and Rules for Committee Assignments Judy Schneider Specialist on the Congress December 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov 98-183 Senate Committees: Categories and Rules for Committee Assignments . S enate Rule XXV and party conference rules address committee assignments. Senate Rule XXV, paragraphs 2 and 3 establish categories of committees, ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2014 |
Report No. IF10022 |
Title
December 19, 2014 The Global Health Security Agenda and International Health Regulations Introduction In recent years, a succession of new and reemerging infectious diseases have caused outbreaks and pandemics that have affected thousands of people worldwide: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2003), Avian Influenza H5N1 (2005), Pandemic Influenza H1N1 (2009), Middle East Respiratory ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2014 |
Report No. RL34603 |
Title
. The U.S. Secret Service: History and Missions Shawn Reese Analyst in Emergency Management and Homeland Security Policy December 18, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34603 The U.S. Secret Service: History and Missions . Summary The U.S. Secret Service has two missions criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities have expanded since the ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2014 |
Report No. IN10199 |
Title
CRS Insights The Islamic State in Egypt: Implications for U.S.-Egyptian Relations Jeremy M. Sharp, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs (jsharp@crs.loc.gov, 7-8687) December 18, 2014 (IN10199) In early November 2014, the Sinai Peninsula-based terrorist group formally known as Ansar Bayt al Maqdis (Companions or Supporters of Jerusalem) declared its allegiance to the leader of the Islamic State ...
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