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| Date Dec. 17, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-17_01 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar New Circuit Split: Seventh Circuit Rules that Unlawfully Present Aliens with Extensive Ties to the United States Have Second Amendment Rights 12/17/2015 This summer, in United States v. Meza-Rodriguez, the Seventh Circuit created a circuit split by holding that the Second Amendment, which provides that the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2015 |
Report No. IF10134 |
Title
Updated December 17, 2015 IMF Quota and Governance Reforms Overview The International Monetary Fund (IMF, the Fund) is a multilateral organization focused on the global monetary system. In December 2010, the United States and the other IMF member countries agreed to a reform package. It addresses two major concerns about the institution: (1) the representation of emerging and developing economies ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2015 |
Report No. R43948 |
Title
Energy and Water Development: FY2016 Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship Jonathan E. Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy December 17, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43948 FY2016 Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Summary The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill provides funding for civil works projects of the Army ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2015 |
Report No. IF10334 |
Title
Updated December 17, 2015 Ecosystem Restoration in the Puget Sound Introduction The Puget Sound (the Sound), located in the state of Washington, is the second-largest estuary in the United States, covering 35,500 square kilometers, and the largest estuary in the country by volume. It has been deemed an Estuary of National Significance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is noted ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2015 |
Report No. NATIONWIDE |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Nationwide Injunctions: Recent Rulings Raise Questions about Nationwide Reach of a Single Federal Court 12/16/2015 Two recent, notable appellate court rulings raise questions about the appropriate scope of injunctions issued by federal courts. In particular, this fall two federal circuit courts of appeals separately issued nationwide injunctions, each of which ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2015 |
Report No. DONORSSN |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar IRS Proposes Controversial Regulations Regarding Charity Donors SSNs 12/16/2015 The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has issued a controversial notice of proposed rulemaking relating to the substantiation requirements that taxpayers must comply with in order to deduct charitable contributions. The proposed regulations would provide an alternative to current law, ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2015 |
Report No. IG10000 |
Title
U.S. Military Casualty Statistics Updated December 15, 2015 Author Information Hannah Fischer Information Research Specialist Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2015 |
Report No. R44310 |
Title
The K-1 Fianc (e) Visa: In Brief (name redacted) Analyst in Immigration Policy (name redacted) Specialist in Immigration Policy December 15, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44310 The K-1 Fianc (e) Visa: In Brief Summary The K nonimmigrant visa category was created in 1970 through P.L. 91-225, which amended the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Within the K visa ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2015 |
Report No. IN10414 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Women and the Selective Service December 15, 2015 (IN10414) | Related Author Kristy N. Kamarck | Kristy N. Kamarck, Analyst in Military Manpower (kkamarck@crs.loc.gov, 7-7783) On December 3, 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the military to open all combat jobs to women with no exceptions. Some have questioned the implications of this policy change for the Military ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2015 |
Report No. SPOOFING |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar First Spoofing Conviction Gives Teeth to Dodd-Frank in Prosecuting Commodities Violations 12/15/2015 Spoofing, for the purpose of this sidebar, is the practice of manipulating commodities prices by placing orders without intending to trade on them, often by canceling the orders soon after the orders are placed. This can briefly create the appearance of movement ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-15_01 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar First Spoofing Conviction Gives Teeth to Dodd-Frank in Prosecuting Commodities Violations 12/15/2015 Spoofing, for the purpose of this sidebar, is the practice of manipulating commodities prices by placing orders without intending to trade on them, often by canceling the orders soon after the orders are placed. This can briefly create the appearance of movement ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2015 |
Report No. R44068 |
Title
Effect of Corinthian Colleges Closure on Student Financial Aid: Frequently Asked Questions Alexandra Hegji Analyst in Social Policy December 14, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44068 Effect of Corinthian Colleges Closure on Student Financial Aid Summary Corinthian Colleges, Inc. (CCI) was the parent company of several private, for-profit institutions of higher education, ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2015 |
Report No. FBAR |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Is the Penalty for Failing to Report Overseas Accounts (FBAR) Unconstitutional? 12/14/2015 Under the Bank Secrecy Act, U.S. persons with a financial interest in or signature authority over foreign bank accounts and other financial accounts may be required to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) with the Treasury Department (for more ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-14_01 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Is the Penalty for Failing to Report Overseas Accounts (FBAR) Unconstitutional? 12/14/2015 Under the Bank Secrecy Act, U.S. persons with a financial interest in or signature authority over foreign bank accounts and other financial accounts may be required to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) with the Treasury Department (for more ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2015 |
Report No. IF10249 |
Title
December 14, 2015 The Post-2015 Global Development Agenda The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established by the international community in the year 2000 sunset in 2015 and will be replaced by a new global development agenda for the period 2016 through 2030. The post-2015 development agenda, as it is often called, has been the subject of an extensive United Nations-led process and debate that ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2015 |
Report No. NATURAL |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar FDA Naturally Requests Public Comments on the Use of Natural on Food Labels 12/11/2015 On November 12, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the agency will begin collecting public comments on the use of the term natural on the labeling of food products, including foods that are genetically engineered (GE) or contain GE ingredients. A ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2015 |
Report No. R44238 |
Title
Potential Policy Implications of the House Reconciliation Bill (H.R. 3762) Annie L. Mach, Coordinator Analyst in Health Care Financing Elayne J. Heisler Specialist in Health Services Sarah A. Lister Specialist in Public Health and Epidemiology Sean Lowry Analyst in Public Finance C. Stephen Redhead Specialist in Health Policy James V. Saturno Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2015 |
Report No. R43573 |
Title
Federal Contracting and Subcontracting with Small Businesses: Legislation in the 113th Congress (name redacted) Legislative Attorney December 9, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43573 Federal Contracting with Small Businesses: Legislation in the 113th Congress Summary Congress has generally broad authority to impose requirements upon the federal procurement process (i.e., ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2015 |
Report No. IF10205 |
Title
Updated December 9, 2015 Leverage Ratios in Bank Capital Requirements This In Focus provides a summary of leverage ratios used in bank capital requirements. It also explains the concept of leverage and the rationale behind a leverage ratio. Leverage and the Financial Crisis What Is Leverage? A firm or individual can use debt (borrow) or their own funds (capital) to purchase assets. Generally, ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2015 |
Report No. R44302 |
Title
Chronic Homelessness: Background, Research, and Outcomes Libby Perl Specialist in Housing Policy Erin Bagalman Analyst in Health Policy December 8, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44302 Chronic Homelessness: Background, Research, and Outcomes Summary Chronically homeless individuals are those who spend long periods of time living on the street or other places not meant for ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2015 |
Report No. R40431 |
Title
Federalism Issues in Surface Transportation Policy: A Historical Perspective Robert Jay Dilger Senior Specialist in American National Government December 8, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40431 Federalism Issues in Surface Transportation Policy: A Historical Perspective Summary P.L. 114-94, the Fixing America s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act, was signed by President ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2015 |
Report No. RL31753 |
Title
Immigration: Noncitizen Eligibility for Needs-Based Housing Programs Maggie McCarty Specialist in Housing Policy Alison Siskin Specialist in Immigration Policy December 8, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31753 Immigration: Noncitizen Eligibility for Needs-Based Housing Programs Summary The issue of noncitizen eligibility for federally funded programs, including needs-based ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2015 |
Report No. R43518 |
Title
Genetically Engineered Salmon Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Tadlock Cowan Analyst in Natural Resources and Rural Development December 8, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43518 Genetically Engineered Salmon Summary On November 19, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved AquaBounty Technologies application to produce AquAdvantage Salmon, a ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2015 |
Report No. IN10404 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Venezuelan Opposition Wins December 2015 Legislative Elections December 7, 2015 (IN10404) | Related Policy Issue Latin America and the Caribbean Related Author Mark P. Sullivan | Mark P. Sullivan, Specialist in Latin American Affairs (msullivan@crs.loc.gov, 7-7689) Venezuela's opposition coalition, known as the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD), triumphed in the country's December 6, ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2015 |
Report No. IF10333 |
Title
December 7, 2015 The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and ESEA Reauthorization: Summary of Selected Key Issues Congress has actively considered reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) during the 114th Congress, passing comprehensive ESEA reauthorization bills in both the House (Student Success Act; H.R. 5) and the Senate (Every Child Achieves Act of 2015; S. 1177). ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2015 |
Report No. THERAPY |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Implications of Restricting the Use of Conversion Therapy for Religious Providers 12/07/2015 Illinois recently enacted legislation banning the practice commonly known as gay conversion therapy for minors, and also restricted the practice more generally by regulating the advertisement of such therapy as misleading representations under consumer law. Regulation ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. R44297 |
Title
Congressional Research Service 7- 5700 www.crs.gov R44297 Reauthorization of the ESEA: Highlights of the ESSA - - - Congressional Research Service Reauthorization of the ESEA: Highlights of the ESSA ..................................................................................................................................... ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. R44019 |
Title
Fact Sheet: Selected Highlights of the FY2016 Defense Budget Debate and the National Defense Authorization Acts (H.R. 1735 and S. 1356) Pat Towell Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget December 4, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44019 Selected Highlights of the FY2016 Defense Budget Debate and H.R. 1735 and S. 1356 Contents Defense Budget Debate Highlights ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. LOCKER |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar School Locker Rooms Become the New Battleground in the Gender (Identity) Wars 12/04/2015 In a controversial move, the Department of Education (ED) recently sided with a transgender female student in Illinois who alleged that her public high school had discriminated against her when it denied her access to the girls locker rooms. ED s position in this case, ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. TRIBAL |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Supreme Court to Decide Case with Important Implications for Tribal Authority Over Nonmembers 12/04/2015 As a general rule, Indian tribes do not have jurisdiction over nonmembers. However, for civil regulatory jurisdiction there are two exceptions, recognized by the Supreme Court in Montana v. U.S. A tribe may exercise jurisdiction over a nonmember when: he or ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. MARIPRO |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar District Court Holds Appropriations Language Limits Enforcement of Federal Marijuana Prohibition 12/04/2015 A federal court in California has ruled that the Department of Justice (DOJ) may not take federal enforcement actions that interfere with California s ability to implement its own state medical marijuana law. The district court s reasoning, if adopted by ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-04_01 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar District Court Holds Appropriations Language Limits Enforcement of Federal Marijuana Prohibition 12/04/2015 A federal court in California has ruled that the Department of Justice (DOJ) may not take federal enforcement actions that interfere with California s ability to implement its own state medical marijuana law. The district court s reasoning, if adopted by ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-04_02 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar School Locker Rooms Become the New Battleground in the Gender (Identity) Wars 12/04/2015 In a controversial move, the Department of Education (ED) recently sided with a transgender female student in Illinois who alleged that her public high school had discriminated against her when it denied her access to the girls locker rooms. ED s position in this case, ...
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| Date Dec. 3, 2015 |
Report No. TE10002 |
Title
Statement of David M. Bearden Specialist in Environmental Policy Before Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Nuclear Waste Fund: Budgetary, Funding, and Scoring Issues December 3, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10002 Congressional Research Service 1 Chairman Shimkus, Ranking ...
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| Date Dec. 3, 2015 |
Report No. IN10407 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT U.S. District and Circuit Court Vacancies: Overview and Comparative Analysis December 3, 2015 (IN10407) | Related Author Barry J. McMillion | Barry J. McMillion, Analyst on the Federal Judiciary (bmcmillion@crs.loc.gov, 7-6025) This Insight provides data related to U.S. circuit and district court vacancies that existed as of December 1 of President Obama's seventh year in office. It ...
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| Date Dec. 3, 2015 |
Report No. LOOSE |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Tying Up Loose Ends... Supreme Court To Evaluate Federal Firearm Provision Again 12/03/2015 On October 30, 2015, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear Voisine v. United States, a decision examining the federal provision that makes it unlawful for an individual to possess a firearm or ammunition if he or she has been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of ...
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| Date Dec. 3, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-12-03_01 |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Tying Up Loose Ends... Supreme Court To Evaluate Federal Firearm Provision Again 12/03/2015 On October 30, 2015, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear Voisine v. United States, a decision examining the federal provision that makes it unlawful for an individual to possess a firearm or ammunition if he or she has been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. R41537 |
Title
Multilateral Development Banks: How the United States Makes and Implements Policy Updated December 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41537 Multilateral Development Banks: How the United States Makes and Implements Policy Summary This report analyzes how the United States makes policy towards the multilateral development banks (MDBs) and identifies ways by ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. RL34401 |
Title
The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues (name redacted) Specialist in Science and Technology Policy December 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34401 The National Nanotechnology Initiative Summary Nanotechnology a term encompassing the science, engineering, and applications of submicron materials involves the harnessing ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. R43339 |
Title
Bitcoin: Questions, Answers, and Analysis of Legal Issues Updated December 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43339 Bitcoin: Questions, Answers, and Analysis of Legal Issues Summary Bitcoin first appeared in January 2009, the creation of a computer programmer using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. His invention is an open-source (its controlling computer code is ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. IN10405 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Final Rule for 2014, 2015, and 2016 December 2, 2015 (IN10405) | Related Author Kelsi Bracmort | Kelsi Bracmort, Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Resources Policy (kbracmort@crs.loc.gov, 7-7283) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the final rule for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) on November 30, 2015. While the rule ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. IN10406 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT FAST Act (H.R. 22): Surface Transportation Conference Report Released December 2, 2015 (IN10406) | Related Author Robert S. Kirk | Robert S. Kirk, Specialist in Transportation Policy (rkirk@crs.loc.gov, 7-7769) On December 1, 2015, the report to accompany H.R. 22, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), was voted favorably out of conference. The FAST Act would ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. GRAPPLE |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Courts Grapple with States Efforts to Bar Medicaid Funds from Providers that Also Perform Abortions 12/02/2015 At the same time as Congress is considering legislation that would block federal funds from being awarded to Planned Parenthood, some states are also pursuing their own measures to limit that organization and similar entities from receiving ...
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| Date Dec. 2, 2015 |
Report No. IF10331 |
Title
December 2, 2015 U.S. Tax Court: A Brief Introduction The U.S. Tax Court is an Article I court created by Congress to hear tax disputes arising under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). This In Focus provides background information about the court. service but continue, on a part-time basis, to hear cases or perform other duties related to judicial administration. A senior status judge may be ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. R44292 |
Title
The Lobbying Disclosure Act at 20: Analysis and Issues for Congress Jacob R. Straus Analyst on the Congress December 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44292 The Lobbying Disclosure Act at 20: Analysis and Issues for Congress Summary On December 19, 1995, President William Jefferson Clinton signed the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) into law (2 U.S.C. 1601, et seq.). In his ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. TE10001 |
Title
Statement of Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Before House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee Hearing on Acquisition Efficiency and the Future Navy Force December 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10001 Congressional Research Service 1 Chairman Forbes, Ranking Member Courtney, distinguished members of the ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. R44290 |
Title
Legal Authority for Aliens to Claim Refundable Tax Credits: In Brief Erika K. Lunder Legislative Attorney December 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44290 Legal Authority for Aliens to Claim Refundable Tax Credits: In Brief Summary The question is frequently asked whether aliens who enter or remain in the United States in violation of federal immigration law (called ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. T20151201 |
Title
Statement of Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Before House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee Hearing on Acquisition Efficiency and the Future Navy Force December 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov Congressional Research Service 1 Chairman Forbes, Ranking Member Courtney, distinguished members of the subcommittee, thank you for ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. IN10403 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Doubling Research and Development for Clean Energy: "Mission Innovation" December 1, 2015 (IN10403) | Related Author Jane A. Leggett | Jane A. Leggett, Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy (jaleggett@crs.loc.gov, 7-9525) On November 30, leaders of 20 countries, including President Barack Obama, launched a new initiative, "Mission Innovation," to double to $20 billion over the ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2015 |
Report No. IN10394 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Reforming Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Current Legislative Proposals December 1, 2015 (IN10394) | Related Policy Issue Housing Finance Reform Related Author N. Eric Weiss | N. Eric Weiss, Specialist in Financial Economics (eweiss@crs.loc.gov, 7-6209) This Insight takes a brief look at legislation in the 114th Congress related to reform of the housing finance system. Background. Fannie ...
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