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| Date April 15, 2016 |
Report No. R43764 |
Title
Sexual Violence at Institutions of Higher Education Heather B. Gonzalez Specialist in Education Policy Jody Feder Legislative Attorney April 15, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43764 Sexual Violence at Institutions of Higher Education Summary In recent years, a number of high-profile incidents of sexual violence at institutions of higher education (IHEs) have heightened ...
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| Date April 15, 2016 |
Report No. IN10478 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Contested Presidential Nominating Conventions: Brief Background and Questions April 15, 2016 (IN10478) | Related Author R. Sam Garrett | R. Sam Garrett, Specialist in American National Government (rgarrett@crs.loc.gov, 7-6443) Neither major party has required multiple votes to select a presidential nominee since the 1952 Democratic National Convention and the 1948 Republican National ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44199 |
Title
Congressional Redistricting: Legal and Constitutional Issues Updated April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44199 Congressional Redistricting: Legal and Constitutional Issues Summary Congressional redistricting is the drawing of district boundaries from which the people choose their representatives to the U.S. House of Representatives. The legal framework ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44466 |
Title
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems: Issues for Congress Updated April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44466 Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems: Issues for Congress Summary The current research and future deployment of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) is actively under discussion throughout the military, nongovernmental, and international communities. ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. RL34188 |
Title
Congressional Official Mail Costs Updated April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34188 Congressional Official Mail Costs Summary The congressional franking privilege allows Members of Congress to send official mail via the U.S. Postal Service at government expense. This report provides information and analysis on the costs of franked mail in the House of ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. TE10008 |
Title
Statement of Richard J. Campbell Specialist in Energy Policy Before Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Blackout! Are We Prepared to Manage the Aftermath of a Cyber-Attack or Other Failure of the Electrical Grid? April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service https:// ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44468 |
Title
General Policy Statements: Legal Overview Jared P. Cole Legislative Attorney Todd Garvey Legislative Attorney April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44468 General Policy Statements: Legal Overview Summary Agencies frequently use guidance documents to set regulatory policy. While legislative rules carry the force of law and are required to undergo the notice and comment ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. IN10433 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Zika Virus: Global Health Considerations April 14, 2016 (IN10433) | Related Policy Issues Global Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Policy Foreign Aid Related Author Tiaji Salaam-Blyther | Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, Specialist in Global Health (tsalaam@crs.loc.gov, 7-7677) Background Zika is a virus that is primarily spread by Aedes mosquitoes the same mosquitoes that transmit dengue, ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. IN10477 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT The Islamic State Woos Jihadists in Africa but Faces Competition April 14, 2016 (IN10477) | Related Author Lauren Ploch Blanchard | Lauren Ploch Blanchard, Specialist in African Affairs (lploch@crs.loc.gov, 7-7640) In March 2015, the Islamic State sought to publicize its expansion into sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting in its Englishlanguage magazine, Dabiq, the pledge of allegiance ...
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| Date April 14, 2016 |
Report No. R44464 |
Title
Mens Rea Reform: A Brief Overview Richard M. Thompson II Legislative Attorney April 14, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44464 Mens Rea Reform: A Brief Overview Summary Criminal justice reform has played a major role in the congressional agenda over the past several Congresses, with sentencing reform bills making up the majority of the legislative action on this issue. ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R43671 |
Title
Export-Import Bank: Frequently Asked Questions Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, Coordinator Specialist in International Trade and Finance David H. Carpenter Legislative Attorney Grant A. Driessen Analyst in Public Finance Julia Taylor Section Head - ALD Section April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43671 Export-Import Bank: Frequently Asked Questions Summary The Export-Import ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R44457 |
Title
Surveillance of Foreigners Outside the United States Under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Updated April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44457 Surveillance of Foreigners Outside the United States Under Section 702 of FISA Summary After the attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush authorized the National ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R43772 |
Title
The Internet Tax Freedom Act: In Brief Jeffrey M. Stupak Research Assistant April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43772 The Internet Tax Freedom Act: In Brief Summary The Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA; P.L. 105-277), enacted in 1998, implemented a three-year moratorium preventing state and local governments from taxing Internet access, or imposing multiple or ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R43998 |
Title
U.S. Sugar Program Fundamentals Mark A. McMinimy Analyst in Agricultural Policy April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43998 U.S. Sugar Program Fundamentals Summary The U.S. sugar program provides a price guarantee to producers of sugar beets and sugarcane and to the processors of both crops. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), as program administrator, is ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R44469 |
Title
Hatch Act Restrictions on Federal Employees Political Activities in the Digital Age Cynthia Brown Legislative Attorney Jack Maskell Legislative Attorney April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44469 Hatch Act Restrictions on Federal Employees Political Activities in the Digital Age Summary Federal officers and employees historically have been subject to certain ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. IN10475 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT U.S. Postal Service Rolls Back Its Prices April 13, 2016 (IN10475) | Related Author Michelle D. Christensen | Michelle D. Christensen, Analyst in Government Organization and Management (mchristensen@crs.loc.gov, 7-0764) On April 10, 2016, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) was required to roll back prices on many of its postal products and services, including First-Class "Forever" stamps. ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. R44471 |
Title
Gender Identity Discrimination in Public Education: A Legal Analysis Jody Feder Legislative Attorney April 13, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44471 Gender Identity Discrimination in Public Education: A Legal Analysis Introduction In recent years, there has been debate about whether certain legal rights and protections should be extended to individuals who are transgender. ...
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| Date April 13, 2016 |
Report No. IF10388 |
Title
April 13, 2016 Higher Oil Prices? On January 11, 2016, the price of Brent crude oil, the reference grade on the world oil market, fell to $28.82 per barrel, a decline of over 45% in about three months. On April 12, 2016, the price of Brent had recovered to $44.68 per barrel, and some voices in the oil industry began suggesting that the long period of low, and volatile, oil prices, which began in ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. R44455 |
Title
The U.S. Intelligence Community: Selected Cross-Cutting Issues Anne Daugherty Miles Analyst in Intelligence and National Security Policy April 12, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44455 The U.S. Intelligence Community: Selected Cross-Cutting Issues Summary This report focuses on cross-cutting management issues that affect the Intelligence Community s (IC s) ability to ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. R43558 |
Title
Nigeria s Boko Haram: Frequently Asked Questions name redacted Specialist in African Affairs April 12, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43558 Nigeria s Boko Haram: Frequently Asked Questions Summary Boko Haram, a violent Nigerian Islamist movement, has grown increasingly active and deadly in its attacks against state and civilian targets in recent years, drawing on ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. FRIENDED |
Title
CRS Reports & Analysis Legal Sidebar Friended, but not Friends: Federal Ethics Authorities Address Role of Social Media in Politics 04/12/2016 Since the rise of social media over the past decade, new platforms of technology have reinforced the adage that the law lags behind developments in technology. Government agencies, officials, and employees regularly use a number of social media options e.g. ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. IN10474 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Counting Casualties in Syria and Iraq: Process and Challenges April 12, 2016 (IN10474) | Related Authors Carla E. Humud Rhoda Margesson View More... | Carla E. Humud, Analyst in Middle Eastern and African Affairs (chumud@crs.loc.gov, 7-7314) Rhoda Margesson, Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy (rmargesson@crs.loc.gov, 7-0425) Susan G. Chesser, Senior Research Librarian ( ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. IF10386 |
Title
April 12, 2016 Oil Prices and the Value of the Dollar Oil Prices Oil prices, as measured by the spot price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI), achieved a level of $107.95 per barrel on June 20, 2014. By March 14, 2016, the price of the same barrel of oil had sunk to $37.20 per barrel, a decline of over 65%. The fall in the price of oil was not continuous. After the initial decline, oil prices seemed ...
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| Date April 12, 2016 |
Report No. IF10387 |
Title
April 12, 2016 Philippines 2016 Presidential Election The 2016 presidential election in the Philippines, set for May 9, will determine a successor to Benigno Aquino III. Aquino, who is limited by the Philippine Constitution to one six-year term, will step down in June. He has received relatively strong approval ratings (around 50%) in recent national surveys, reflecting popular support for his ...
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| Date April 11, 2016 |
Report No. R43702 |
Title
Unaccompanied Children from Central America: Foreign Policy Considerations Peter J. Meyer, Coordinator Analyst in Latin American Affairs Rhoda Margesson Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy Clare Ribando Seelke Specialist in Latin American Affairs Maureen Taft-Morales Specialist in Latin American Affairs April 11, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43702 ...
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| Date April 11, 2016 |
Report No. R43971 |
Title
Net Neutrality: Selected Legal Issues Raised by the FCC s 2015 Open Internet Order Updated April 11, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43971 Net Neutrality: Selected Legal Issues Raised by the FCC s 2015 Open Internet Order Summary In February 2015, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted an order that will impose rules governing the management of ...
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| Date April 11, 2016 |
Report No. R44453 |
Title
Class Action Litigation: The Court and Congress Kenneth R. Thomas Legislative Attorney April 11, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44453 Class Action Litigation: The Court and Congress Summary The class action suit is a procedural device for joining numerous parties in a civil lawsuit when the issues involved are common to the class as a whole and when the issues turn on ...
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| Date April 8, 2016 |
Report No. R41716 |
Title
The Social Security Administration (SSA): Budget Request and Appropriations William R. Morton Analyst in Income Security April 8, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41716 The Social Security Administration (SSA): Budget Request and Appropriations Summary The Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for administering a number of federal entitlement programs that ...
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| Date April 8, 2016 |
Report No. R44449 |
Title
Federal Minimum Wage, Tax-Transfer Earnings Supplements, and Poverty, 2016 Update: In Brief Aname redactedA Specialist in Social Policy April 8, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44449 Federal Minimum Wage, Tax-Transfer Earnings Supplements, and Poverty, 2016 Contents Introduction ...
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| Date April 8, 2016 |
Report No. R44458 |
Title
Closing Space: Restrictions on Civil Society Around the World and U.S. Responses name redacted Specialist in Foreign Affairs name redacted Analyst in African Affairs April 8, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44458 Closing Space: Restrictions on Civil Society Around the World and U.S. Responses Summary Civil society organizations (CSOs) around the world are confronting ever ...
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| Date April 8, 2016 |
Report No. R44448 |
Title
Lead in Flint, Michigan's Drinking Water: CRS Experts April 8, 2016 (R44448) The following table provides names and contact information for CRS experts on issues related to emergency conditions in Flint, Michigan, associated with elevated lead concentrations in drinking water. On January 16, 2016, President Obama signed an emergency declaration for the area to provide relief. Various federal ...
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| Date April 8, 2016 |
Report No. IN10473 |
Title
The House Committee on Financial Services reported the Financial Stability Oversight Council Reform Act (H.R. 3340; H.Rept. 114-473) on March 23, 2016. Sponsored by Representative Tom Emmer, this act would (1) make the budget of the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and its permanent staff (called the Office of Financial Research, or OFR) subject to the appropriations process, (2) ...
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| Date April 6, 2016 |
Report No. IN10472 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT U.S. Crude Oil Exports to International Destinations April 6, 2016 (IN10472) | Related Author Phillip Brown | Phillip Brown, Specialist in Energy Policy (pbrown@crs.loc.gov, 7-7386) On December 18, 2015, Congress passed H.R. 2029 the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 which was enacted and became P.L. 114-113. A provision contained in P.L. 114-113 repealed a 40-year prohibition on ...
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| Date April 6, 2016 |
Report No. IF10383 |
Title
April 6, 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2017 President s Budget Request Since FY2006, Congress has funded EPA in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations. Title II of Division G of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113), provided $8.14 billion for EPA for FY2016, $452 million (5%) less than the President s request. The FY2017 request for ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. R43854 |
Title
Overview of Private Health Insurance Provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) Annie L. Mach Analyst in Health Care Financing Namrata K. Uberoi Analyst in Health Care Financing April 5, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43854 Overview of Private Health Insurance Provisions in the ACA Summary Private health insurance is the predominant form of health ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. R44229 |
Title
The Army s M-1 Abrams, M-2/M-3 Bradley, and M-1126 Stryker: Background and Issues for Congress Andrew Feickert Specialist in Military Ground Forces April 5, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44229 The Army s M-1 Abrams, M-2/M-3 Bradley, and M-1126 Stryker Summary The M-1 Abrams Tank, the M-2/M-3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV), and the M-1126 Stryker Combat Vehicle are the ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. IN10468 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Discharging a Senate Committee from Consideration of a Nomination April 5, 2016 (IN10468) | Related Congressional Operations Issue Senate Floor Proceedings Related Author Elizabeth Rybicki | Elizabeth Rybicki, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process (erybicki@crs.loc.gov, 7-0644) Some press reports have suggested that the full Senate could vote in relation to the nomination ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. R42125 |
Title
National Park System: Units Managed Through Partnerships name redacted Analyst in Natural Resources Policy April 5, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R42125 National Park System: Units Managed Through Partnerships Summary In recent decades, it has become more common for the National Park Service (NPS) to own and manage units of the National Park System in partnership with ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. IN10469 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Supreme Court Vacancies That Arose During One Presidency and Were Filled During a Different Presidency April 5, 2016 (IN10469) | Related Author Barry J. McMillion | Barry J. McMillion, Analyst in American National Government (bmcmillion@crs.loc.gov, 7-6025) This CRS Insight provides data and analysis related to Supreme Court vacancies since 1797 that arose during one presidency and ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. IN10470 |
Title
CRS INSIGHT Federal Lifeline Program: Modernization and Reform April 5, 2016 (IN10470) | Related Author Angele A. Gilroy | Angele A. Gilroy, Specialist in Telecommunications Policy (agilroy@crs.loc.gov, 7-7778) On March 31, 2016, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted an order to expand the scope of the Federal Lifeline program to provide subsidies for broadband adoption; enhance and ...
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| Date April 5, 2016 |
Report No. IF10037 |
Title
Updated April 5, 2016 Medicare Preferred Pharmacy Networks Overview The Issue: Private insurers that participate in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program offer reduced cost sharing to enrollees who agree to patronize a limited number of preferred pharmacies. Insurers say they can negotiate price concessions from pharmacies that want to join the narrow preferred networks, providing savings ...
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| Date April 4, 2016 |
Report No. R44443 |
Title
High Frequency Trading: Overview of Recent Developments Rena S. Miller Specialist in Financial Economics Gary Shorter Specialist in Financial Economics April 4, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44443 High Frequency Trading: Overview of Recent Developments Summary High-frequency trading (HFT) generally refers to trading in financial instruments, such as securities and ...
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| Date April 1, 2016 |
Report No. 98-836 |
Title
Calling Up Business on the Senate Floor Updated April 1, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-836 Calling Up Business on the Senate Floor Summary The Senate takes up measures and matters under procedures set in Senate rules and by longstanding customs, thereby giving it flexibility in setting its floor agenda. This report first treats those processes or customs ...
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| Date April 1, 2016 |
Report No. R44207 |
Title
Department of Labor s 2015 Proposed Fiduciary Rule: Background and Issues John J. Topoleski Analyst in Income Security Gary Shorter Specialist in Financial Economics April 1, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44207 Department of Labor s 2015 Proposed Fiduciary Rule: Background and Issues Summary On April 20, 2015, the Department of Labor (DOL) proposed redefining the term ...
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| Date April 1, 2016 |
Report No. R43684 |
Title
Telemarketing Regulation: National and State Do Not Call Registries Kathleen Ann Ruane Legislative Attorney April 1, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43684 Telemarketing Regulation: National and State Do Not Call Registries Summary Today, it is axiomatic that telemarketers in the United States generally are not permitted to place outgoing telemarketing calls to phone numbers ...
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| Date March 31, 2016 |
Report No. R44440 |
Title
Supreme Court Vacancies: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 31, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44440 Supreme Court Vacancies: Frequently Asked Questions Summary The unexpected death of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016 in the middle of the Supreme Court s October 2015 term has prompted questions about the process for filling the ...
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| Date March 31, 2016 |
Report No. R44097 |
Title
FY2015 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Education Policy March 31, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44097 FY2015 State Grants Under Title I-A of the ESEA Summary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was comprehensively reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114- ...
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| Date March 31, 2016 |
Report No. R44439 |
Title
Taxation of Credit Unions: In Brief Updated March 31, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44439 Taxation of Credit Unions: In Brief Contents Credit Union Basics......................................................................................................................... 1 What Is a Credit Union? ...
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| Date March 31, 2016 |
Report No. RL34287 |
Title
Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community, and Recidivism (name redacted) Analyst in Crime Policy March 31, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34287 Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community Summary The number of people incarcerated in the United States grew steadily for nearly 30 years. That number has been ...
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| Date March 31, 2016 |
Report No. IF10310 |
Title
Updated March 31, 2016 The Comprehensive Care Joint Replacement Model The Medicare program has been criticized for failing to include policies that financially incentivize health care providers to deliver efficient, high-quality health care. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) added Section 1115A to the Social Security Act (SSA), authorizing the creation of the Center for ...
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