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U.S.-Japan Relations (CRS Report for Congress)

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Release Date Revised Nov. 5, 2024
Report Number IF10199
Report Type In Focus
Authors Emma Chanlett-Avery, Coordinator; Mark E. Manyin; Ian E. Rinehart; Rebecca M. Nelson; Brock R. Williams
Source Agency Congressional Research Service
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Summary:

Japan, a U.S. treaty ally since 1952, is an important U.S. partner in several foreign policy areas, particularly security and trade. Shared security goals include meeting the challenge of an increasingly assertive People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) and countering threats from North Korea. The U.S.-Japan mutual defense treaty grants the United States the right to base U.S. troops—currently numbering over 50,000—and military assets on Japan’s territory in return for U.S. security guarantees to Japan. Japan is the sixth-largest U.S. trade partner and a top source of foreign direct investment into the United States, and its investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securities. The two countries also collaborate bilaterally and multilaterally on science and technology, global health, energy, and climate change. Congressional oversight of U.S.-Japan relations generally focuses on alliance cooperation, particularly on how Japan and the United States coordinate their China strategies. The Biden Administration positions the U.S.-Japan alliance at the center of its Indo-Pacific strategy. Both the U.S. and Japanese governments see China’s rising power and influence as detrimental to their national security. Japan has adopted more assertive security and foreign policy postures since the early 2010s, providing the alliance with more flexibility to confront regional challenges. Japan’s proximity to China—and the two countries’ maritime and territorial disputes—heightens Tokyo’s concern as well as its incentives to manage bilateral tensions. Over the past decade, Japan has expanded cooperation with India, Australia, and Southeast Asian countries, a policy in tune with Biden’s vision of a “latticework” of “mutually reinforcing” regional coalitions. The United States and Japan participate in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (“the Quad”), which also includes Australia and India. In April 2024, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida addressed a Joint Meeting of Congress, saying “the world needs the United States to continue playing” a “pivotal role” in upholding global democracy, freedom, and stability.” That same week, President Biden hosted Kishida for an official visit. The leaders announced several initiatives intended to deepen the integration of the U.S. and Japanese militaries. Biden and Kishida said that the AUKUS partnership among Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States is “considering cooperation with Japan” on advanced military technology projects. The two leaders also held the first-ever U.S.-Japan-Philippines trilateral summit, with President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., announcing a range of cooperative initiatives including increased coast guard cooperation in the South China Sea. On economic matters, Biden and Kishida agreed to launch U.S.-Japan public-private partnerships in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy. They also announced that Japan will build a crewed moon rover for the Artemis space program, and the United States will include Japanese astronauts on future crewed lunar missions.