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Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22952 Summary In an effort to operate efficiently despite the competing scheduling demands placed on its members, all Senate standing committees permit "proxy voting" in some instances, and many of them permit certain questions to be "polled." Proxy voting is a practice whereby an absent Senator authorizes a second, present Senator to cast a vote in addition to his or her own during a committee markup meeting. When polling, a committee or subcommittee asks its members to approve questions relating to legislation or internal committee business without formally meeting. Under Senate rules and precedents, committees have significant freedom to regulate their use of proxies and polls. Proxy votes may not be used, however, to constitute the quorum necessary to successfully order a committee report. In addition, Senators must be informed about and affirmatively request to vote by proxy on the motion to report. With respect to polling, Senate rules do not permit committees to order a measure or matter reported to the Senate by poll. Contents Proxy Voting 1 Polling 2 Proxies, Polling, and the Senate "Clean-Up" Rule 3 Figures Figure 1. Form of Senate Committee Proxy Voting Letter 4 Figure 2. Example of Senate Committee Polling Document 6 Contacts Author Contact Information 8 Proxy Voting Proxy voting is a practice by which an absent Senator authorizes a second, present Senator (usually the chairman or ranking minority Member) to cast a vote, in addition to his or her own, during a committee markup meeting. The standing rules of the Senate give each committee the discretion to permit or ban proxy voting by its members. In the 114th Congress (2015-2016), every Senate standing committee, and all but one Senate select or special committee, has adopted rules permitting proxy voting in at least some circumstances. Some Senate committees require proxy votes to be authorized in writing, often by letter (Figure 1) or proxy voting form. Other panels permit proxy votes to be authorized not only in writing but also orally or by "personal instruction." Although Senate rules give committees wide latitude in structuring the use of proxies, the Senate places specific limits on the practice as it relates to the motion to report a measure or matter to the Senate. These limitations are established in the precedents of the Senate and by Senate Rule XXVI. It is a fundamental principle of Senate parliamentary procedure that a "reporting quorum"—a numerical majority of the members of a committee—must be physically present when the committee votes to order a measure or matter reported to the parent chamber. Under paragraph 7(a)(1) of Rule XXVI, if less than a numerical majority is present for this vote, the measure or matter would not be considered properly before the Senate, and a point of order might be raised against its consideration. As such, under chamber precedents, proxies may not be used to constitute such a reporting quorum. If a quorum is physically present and proxies are used on the motion to report, they cannot make the difference in successfully ordering a measure or matter reported to the Senate. If, with a reporting quorum present, a majority of committee members present vote to order a measure reported, proxy votes to the contrary could prevent reporting. If, however, a majority of the reporting quorum votes against ordering a measure or matter reported, proxies could not count toward a majority vote to successfully report the measure or matter. Under Rule XXVI, if a committee permits proxy voting on the motion to report, a Senator must be informed of the matter he or she is being recorded on by proxy. In addition, a Senator must have actively requested to vote by proxy on that question; so-called blind or general proxies are not permitted on this question. Within the limits of Rule XXVI, each individual Senate committee has tailored different types of proxy rules to meet the needs of its members. Some panels permit the use of proxies on all questions with few restrictions. Still other panels limit their use or duration or dictate the form or the manner in which the proxy must be executed or preserved in the committee's official records. Because of this variation, questions about a specific committee's use of proxies might best be answered by examining the committee's official rules of procedure or consulting with the committee's chief clerk. Polling Although the practice is not mentioned in the standing rules of the Senate, some committees also permit certain decisions to be made, or actions to be authorized, by a "poll" of committee members. Unlike proxy voting, "polling" takes place without a formal committee or subcommittee markup or business meeting. In a poll, the chairman (or a staff member designated by the chairman) asks each Senator on a committee or subcommittee to declare his or her position or grant his or her consent to taking a particular action relating to legislation or internal committee business. Polls may be conducted by telephone or by asking Senators to return a written polling document (Figure 2), often within a specified period of time. Most Senate committees that permit questions to be polled require all Senators to agree to decide the matter in question by poll, and some committees require polling results to be unanimous as well. To this extent, polling might be viewed as an indirect form of obtaining the unanimous consent of committee members. It might also be viewed as analogous to other institutional mechanisms by which Senators indirectly grant their consent to actions, such as the "hotlining" of legislation for floor consideration or passage or the "blue slip" procedure used in the consideration of some presidential nominations. At certain points in its history, the Senate permitted committee reports to be authorized by poll, but that is no longer the case. Because (as has been noted) Rule XXVI requires a numerical majority of a committee to be physically present to authorize a report, it is not in order for a committee to order a measure or matter reported to the chamber by poll. A common practice that avoids this prohibition, however, is for a committee to poll its members on whether they will consent to having the committee discharged from the further consideration of a bill or nomination by a unanimous consent request made on the Senate floor. Senate subcommittees also often use polls to transmit bills or nominations to their full committees without formal markup sessions. Some Senate committees also permit members to be polled as a way of publicly recording their positions on questions they were unable to vote on in person or by proxy. In the 114th Congress, seven Senate standing, select, or special committees have adopted written rules authorizing polling under at least some circumstances: Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry; Budget; Finance; Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; Judiciary; and Special Aging. Even if a committee has not adopted a formal committee rule regulating polls, however, it does not necessarily mean that the committee may not utilize the practice. For example, although the Senate Committee on Appropriations lacks a written committee rule on polling, news reports indicate that its subcommittees have passed appropriations bills to the full committee by poll without a formal public markup. Proxies, Polling, and the Senate "Clean-Up" Rule Paragraph 7(a)(3) of Senate Rule XXVI contains provisions that, under certain circumstances, might bear on proxy votes or polls conducted by a Senate committee or subcommittee. Under this rule—which is sometimes colloquially called the "clean-up rule"—if a panel violates Senate procedures during its consideration of a measure or matter, these missteps will not be the subject of a floor point of order so long as the committee has properly conducted the vote to report. Paragraph 7 (a)(3) states: Action by any committee in reporting any measure or matter in accordance with the requirements of this subparagraph shall constitute the ratification by the committee of all action theretofore taken by the committee with respect to that measure or matter, including votes taken upon the measure or matter or any amendment thereto, and no point of order shall lie with respect to that measure or matter. The Senate included this provision in its rule book "to prevent the obstruction of legislation on the Senate floor, based upon the internal operations of a committee, by making the record vote of a committee on reporting a measure ... the final test of the legality of such action." In short, a properly conducted vote to order a measure or matter reported to the Senate "cleans up," or absolves, potentially defective committee procedures that may have occurred, including those related to a proxy vote or committee poll taken earlier. Figure 1. Form of Senate Committee Proxy Voting Letter / / Source: Reproduced by CRS with the permission of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Notes: This is the form of letter Senators on the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs use to authorize votes by proxy in 2015. Other panels may permit or dictate different forms. Figure 2. Example of Senate Committee Polling Document / / Source: Reproduced by CRS with the permission of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Note: This is a polling form used by the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs in 2015. Other panels may permit or dictate different forms. Author Contact Information Christopher M. Davis Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process cmdavis@crs.loc.gov, 7-0656