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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL33052 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Homeland Security Act of 2002 grants the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) authority to develop a separate human resources management system for the employees of the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ). On February 1, 2005, final regulations to define and implement the new system ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL34009 |
Title
Order Code RL34009 Energy and Water Development: FY2008 Appropriations Updated January 31, 2008 Carl E. Behrens, Coordinator, Anthony Andrews, David M. Bearden, Nicole T. Carter, Mark Holt, Nic Lane, Daniel Morgan, and Fred Sissine Resources, Science, and Industry Division Jonathan Medalia Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Carol Glover Knowledge Services Group The annual consideration ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL34023 |
Title
Order Code RL34023 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2008 Appropriations Updated January 31, 2008 Connie Veillette Specialist in Foreign Assistance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Susan B. Epstein Specialist in Foreign Policy and Trade Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2008 Appropriations Summary The annual ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL32825 |
Title
Order Code RL32825 Hurricanes and Disaster Risk Financing Through Insurance: Challenges and Policy Options Updated January 31, 2008 Rawle O. King Analyst in Financial Economics and Risk Assessment Government and Finance Division Hurricanes and Disaster Risk Financing Through Insurance: Challenges and Policy Options Summary The U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal states, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL33896 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Unaccompanied alien children (UAC) are aliens under the age of 18 who come to the United States without authorization or overstay their visa, and are without a parent or legal guardian. Most arrive at U.S. ports of entry or are apprehended along the border with Mexico. With the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA), UAC tasking was ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL33086 |
Title
Order Code RL33086 Hurricane Katrina: Insurance Losses and National Capacities for Financing Disaster Risks Updated January 31, 2008 Rawle O. King Analyst in Financial Economics and Risk Assessment Government and Finance Division Hurricane Katrina: Insurance Losses and National Capacities for Financing Disaster Risks Summary On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Gulf Coast ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. 98-928 |
Title
Order Code 98-928 The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues Updated January 31, 2008 Ian F. Fergusson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues Summary The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, under an agreement reached during the Uruguay Round of ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RS21754 |
Title
Order Code RS21754 Updated January 31, 2008 Military Forces: What Is the Appropriate Size for the United States? Andrew Feickert Specialist in Military Ground Forces Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary For several years, some Members of Congress and many military analysts have argued that the U.S. Armed Forces are too small to adequately meet all the requirements arising after the ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL33266 |
Title
Order Code RL33266 Federal Student Aid Need Analysis System: Background, Description, and Legislative Action Updated January 31, 2008 Charmaine Mercer Analyst in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Federal Student Aid Need Analysis System: Background, Description, and Legislative Action Summary A federal need analysis system underlies the annual allocation of billions of dollars ( ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL33593 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Medicaid is a means-tested entitlement program, covering the elderly with chronic conditions or illnesses such as Alzheimer s disease or severe cardiovascular disease; children born with disabling conditions such as mental retardation or cerebral palsy; and working-age adults with inherited or acquired disabling conditions, among others. Spending on ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RS22448 |
Title
Order Code RS22448 Updated January 31, 2008 Medicaid s Home and Community-Based Services State Plan Option: Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act Cliff Binder Analyst in Health Care Financing Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Section 6086 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, (DRA, P.L. 109-171), established a optional Medicaid benefit giving states a new method with which to cover home- ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL33680 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress On September 26, 2006, President Bush signed S. 2590, the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act, into law (P.L. 109-282). In an attempt to expand oversight of federal spending, including earmarks, the new law required the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to establish a publicly available online database containing information ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2008 |
Report No. RL32625 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Bombings of passenger trains in Europe and Asia in the last few years have demonstrated the vulnerability of passenger rail systems to terrorist attack. The number of riders and access points makes it impractical to subject all rail passengers to the type of screening airline passengers undergo. Nevertheless, steps can be taken to reduce the risks ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33636 |
Title
Order Code RL33636 The European Union s Energy Security Challenges Updated January 30, 2008 Paul Belkin Analyst in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The European Union s Energy Security Challenges Summary Recent increases in energy prices and a steady escalation in global energy demand expected to rise by nearly 60% over the next 20 years have led U.S. policy-makers to ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL31668 |
Title
Order Code RL31668 Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act: Background and Reauthorization Updated January 30, 2008 Charmaine Mercer Analyst in Education Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act: Background and Reauthorization Summary The Federal Pell Grant program, authorized by the Higher Education Act (HEA), is the single ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33875 |
Title
Order Code RL33875 Electric Transmission: Approaches for Energizing a Sagging Industry Updated January 30, 2008 Amy Abel Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Electric Transmission: Approaches for Energizing a Sagging Industry Summary The electric utility industry is inherently capital-intensive. At the same time, the industry must operate under a changing and ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL34134 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Trade in agricultural products frequently is one of the more difficult issues negotiators face in concluding free trade agreements (FTAs). While U.S. negotiators seek to eliminate barriers to U.S. agricultural exports, they also face pressures to protect U.S. producers of import sensitive commodities (i.e., beef, dairy products, sugar, among others ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. 96-816 |
Title
Order Code 96-816 Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information Updated January 30, 2008 Barbara Salazar Torreon Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Countries of the World and International Organizations: Sources of Information Summary This report provides a selection of authoritative materials for locating information on foreign countries and ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33661 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The unemployment rate in 2007 averaged just 4.6%, which is low by historic standards and suggests the presence of tight labor market conditions that are related to long-running demographic trends. The oldest members of the baby-boom generation turned age 60 at the end of 2006, and every year thereafter, more of this large birth-cohort will move into ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33675 |
Title
Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility and Benefits Updated January 30, 2008 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33675 Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility Summary Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a major benefit program for low-income persons with disabilities and senior citizens. ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL31647 |
Title
Order Code RL31647 Title III and Title V of the Higher Education Act: Background and Reauthorization Issues Updated January 30, 2008 Charmaine Mercer Analyst in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Title III and Title V of the Higher Education Act: Background and Reauthorization Issues Summary First enacted in 1965 as part of the Higher Education Act (HEA), Title III (Institutional ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL34052 |
Title
Order Code RL34052 The Flood Insurance Reform and Modernization Act of 2007: A Summary of Key Provisions Updated January 30, 2008 Rawle O. King Analyst in Industry Economics Government and Finance Division The Flood Insurance Reform and Modernization Act of 2007: A Summary of Key Provisions Summary In 1968, Congress established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in response to severe ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL31919 |
Title
Order Code RL31919 Federal Laws Related to Identity Theft Updated January 30, 2008 Gina Marie Stevens Legislative Attorney American Law Division Federal Laws Related to Identity Theft Summary According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft is the most common complaint from consumers in all fifty states, and complaints regarding identity theft have grown for seven consecutive years. ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33411 |
Title
Order Code RL33411 Ecosystem Restoration in the Great Lakes: The Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Strategy Updated January 30, 2008 Pervaze A. Sheikh Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Ecosystem Restoration in the Great Lakes: The Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Strategy Summary The Great Lakes are recognized by many as an international natural ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RS22761 |
Title
Order Code RS22761 Updated January 30, 2008 Extending Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) to Service Workers: How Many Workers Could Potentially Be Covered? John J. Topoleski Analyst in Income Security Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) provides income support and training assistance to workers who become unemployed for certain trade-related reasons. Only ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RS21470 |
Title
Order Code RS21470 Updated January 30, 2008 Noncitizen Eligibility For Major Federal Public Assistance Programs: Legal Concepts Alison M. Smith Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) dramatically changed noncitizen eligibility for public assistance.1 This act prohibits many classes of noncitizens, ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RS22747 |
Title
Order Code RS22747 Updated January 30, 2008 California Wildfires: The Role of Disaster Insurance Rawle O. King Analyst in Financial Economics and Risk Assessment Government and Finance Division Summary The tragic consequences of the wildfires that struck southern California in late October 2007, have given renewed attention to the partnership between private providers of disaster insurance and the ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RS22614 |
Title
Order Code RS22614 Updated January 30, 2008 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): A Review of the FY2008 Budget and Congressional Appropriations Wayne A. Morrissey Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Summary Congress passed H.R. 2764 (amended), the Consolidated Appropriations Act of FY2008 (P.L. 110-161). Division B, Title I of the law funded the National ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RS22756 |
Title
Order Code RS22756 Updated January 30, 2008 The Homeowners Defense Act: An Overview Rawle O. King Analyst in Financial Economics and Risk Assessment Government and Finance Division Summary In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the demand for homeowners insurance in East and Gulf Coast states has outpaced supply, leaving policymakers and insurance regulators struggling to find ways to ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL33892 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, homeowners in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama have protested what they view as inappropriate obstacles to the payment of their property damage insurance claims. When insurance adjustors and damage experts assessed the properties damaged by the 2005 storms, they were faced with the issue of ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2008 |
Report No. RL34344 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Alcohol use by persons under age 21 has been identified as a major public health problem. Studies report that it increases the risks for disability and may be detrimental to the developing brain. Minors who drink are more likely to commit suicide, break the law, or be victims of violence. Alcohol is implicated in nearly one-third of youth traffic ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL30797 |
Title
Order Code RL30797 Trends in Welfare, Work, and the Economic Well-Being of Female-Headed Families with Children: 1987-2006 Updated January 29, 2008 Thomas Gabe Specialist in Social Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Trends in Welfare, Work, and the Economic Well-Being of Female-Headed Families with Children: 1987-2006 Summary More than a decade has passed since repeal of the nation s major ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL32342 |
Title
Order Code RL32342 NATO and the European Union Updated January 29, 2008 Kristin Archick Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Paul Gallis Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division NATO and the European Union Summary Since the end of the Cold War, both NATO and the European Union (EU) have evolved along with Europe s changed ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL34141 |
Title
www.crs.gov Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Many foreign affairs experts believe that the international system is undergoing a momentous transition affecting its very nature. Some, such as former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, compare the changes in the international system to those of a century ago. Secretary of State Rice relates the changes to the period following the ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL34296 |
Title
Order Code RL34296 Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy? Updated January 29, 2008 Susan B. Epstein, Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko Specialists in Foreign Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy? Summary The Bush Administration has viewed democracy promotion as key element in its foreign policy agenda and ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL32114 |
Title
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL32023 |
Title
Order Code RL32023 Homeland Security Advisory System: Possible Issues for Congressional Oversight Updated January 29, 2008 Shawn Reese Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Homeland Security Advisory System: Possible Issues for Congressional Oversight Summary The Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), established on March 12, 2002, is a color-coded terrorist ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL33626 |
Title
Order Code RL33626 International Monetary Fund: Reforming Country Representation Updated January 29, 2008 Martin A. Weiss Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade International Monetary Fund: Reforming Country Representation Summary Many developing countries have long argued that they deserve an increase in the influence that they wield at the International ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL33757 |
Title
Order Code RL33757 U.S. Army and Marine Corps Equipment Requirements: Background and Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Andrew Feickert Specialist in Military Ground Forces Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Army and Marine Corps Equipment Requirements: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The United States Army and Marine Corps have been at war first in Afghanistan ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL34334 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Considerable attention has been focused on the ability of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to accomplish its mission with the funds provided by congressional appropriations and user fees. FDA regulates a wide range of products valued at more than $1 trillion in the U.S. economy. The agency plays a key public health role. FDA is responsible for ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL33647 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Bush Administration is expected to submit a proposal for a civilian reserve with the February 2008 budget request. On June 1, 2006, CRS gathered a group of experts on the recruitment and deployment of civilians to peacekeeping operations, now generally referred to by the broader term stabilization and reconstruction operations. The purpose of ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RS22694 |
Title
Order Code RS22694 Updated January 29, 2008 Farm Bill Budget and Costs: 2002 vs. 2007 Ralph M. Chite Specialist in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Since many provisions of the current omnibus farm bill (P.L. 107-171, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002) expire soon, the 110th Congress is in the process of considering a new farm bill. Unlike the ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RL33331 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress As of the end of FY2006, U.S. aid to Iraq had surpassed U.S. aid to Germany and Japan during the post-World War II occupations of those countries. This report compares aggregate data on U.S. assistance to Iraq through FY2006 with U.S. assistance to Germany and Japan during the seven years following World War II. U.S. aid allocations (all grant ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2008 |
Report No. RS22729 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The International Monetary Fund faces a unique set of challenges in the current economic environment. With the continuing growth in the emerging market economies, the demand for IMF assistance has shrunk dramatically. In order to prevent a future need for an IMF-bailout, many emerging market countries are accumulating vast amounts of foreign ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RL33147 |
Title
Order Code RL33147 Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats, Consular Officers, and Employees of International Organizations Under U.S. Law Updated January 28, 2008 Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney American Law Division Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats, Consular Officers, and Employees of International Organizations Under U.S. Law Summary To conduct foreign relations and promote ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RL34270 |
Title
Order Code RL34270 Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress Updated January 28, 2008 Richard A. Best Jr. Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Alfred Cumming Specialist in Intelligence and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress Summary Open source information (OSINT) is ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RS22795 |
Title
Order Code RS22795 January 28, 2008 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Incentives Factsheet: A Guide to Selected Online Information Sources and Reports Fred Sissine Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary A variety of federal laws have created tax credits and other incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy measures. The first part of this ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RL33978 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress International trade flows are largely governed by multilateral agreements reached at the World Trade Organization, but no comparable rules exist for investment. In its place, the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) has emerged over the past several decades as the primary means for promoting and regulating foreign direct investment flows. A BIT is a ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RL34181 |
Title
Order Code RL34181 Distribution of Homeland Security Grants in FY2007 and P.L. 110-53, Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act Updated January 28, 2008 Shawn Reese Analyst in Emergency Management and Homeland Security Government and Finance Division Steven Maguire Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Distribution of Homeland Security Grants in FY2007 and ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2008 |
Report No. RS22120 |
Title
Order Code RS22120 Updated January 28, 2008 Ballistic Missile Defense: Historical Overview Steven A. Hildreth Specialist in Missile Defense & Non-Proliferation Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary For some time now, ballistic missile defense (BMD) has been a key national security priority, even though such interest has been ongoing since the end of World War II. Many current BMD ...
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