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| Date Feb. 13, 2008 |
Report No. RL34373 |
Title
Order Code RL34373 Earmarks Executive Order: Legal Issues February 13, 2008 Thomas J. Nicola and T. J. Halstead Legislative Attorneys American Law Division Earmarks Executive Order: Legal Issues Summary On January 29, 2008, President George W. Bush signed Executive Order 13,457, Protecting American Taxpayers from Government Spending on Wasteful Earmarks. The order states that it is the policy of ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2008 |
Report No. RS22806 |
Title
Order Code RS22806 February 13, 2008 The Bali Agreements and Forests Ross W. Gorte Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Pervaze A. Sheikh Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Climate change and its drivers are receiving increasing global attention. Negotiations in the United Nations Climate Change ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2008 |
Report No. RL34288 |
Title
Order Code RL34288 Smart Grid Provisions in H.R. 6, 110th Congress Updated February 13, 2008 Amy Abel Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Smart Grid Provisions in H.R. 6, 110th Congress Summary The term Smart Grid refers to a distribution system that allows for flow of information from a customer s meter in two directions: both inside the house to thermostats and ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2008 |
Report No. RL33449 |
Title
Order Code RL33449 Military Retirement, Concurrent Receipt, and Related Major Legislative Issues Updated February 12, 2008 Charles A. Henning Specialist in Military Manpower Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Military Retirement, Concurrent Receipt, and Related Major Legislative Issues Summary The military retirement system includes benefits for retirement after an active or ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2008 |
Report No. RL34058 |
Title
Order Code RL34058 Changes to the SBA Disaster Loan Program: Proposed Legislation in the 110th Congress Updated February 12, 2008 N. Eric Weiss Analyst in Financial Institutions Government and Finance Division Changes to the SBA Disaster Loan Program: Proposed Legislation in the 110th Congress Summary Members of the House of Representatives and Senate have introduced bills in the 110th Congress ( ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RL33494 |
Title
Order Code RL33494 Security Classified and Controlled Information: History, Status, and Emerging Management Issues Updated February 11, 2008 Harold C. Relyea Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Security Classified and Controlled Information: History, Status, and Emerging Management Issues Summary The security classification regime in use within the federal ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RL33133 |
Title
Order Code RL33133 Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals: Events and References Updated February 11, 2008 Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Kori Calvert Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals: Events and References Summary The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RL32767 |
Title
Order Code RL32767 Industrial Loan Companies/Banks and the Separation of Banking and Commerce: Legislative and Regulatory Perspectives Updated February 11, 2008 N. Eric Weiss Analyst in Financial Economics Government and Finance Division Industrial Loan Companies/Banks and the Separation of Banking and Commerce: Legislative and Regulatory Perspectives Summary Industrial Loan Companies (ILCs) are ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RL34018 |
Title
Order Code RL34018 Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 110th Congress Updated February 11, 2008 Larry Parker Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division John Blodgett Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 110th Congress Summary With the prospect of new layers of complexity ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RL34368 |
Title
Order Code RL34368 Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties for Inflation February 11, 2008 Curtis W. Copeland Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties for Inflation Summary Civil monetary penalties are one way agencies enforce federal laws and regulations. The minimum and maximum size of civil penalties may be established ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2008 |
Report No. RS20709 |
Title
Order Code RS20709 Updated February 11, 2008 .. CRS Report for Congress Presidential Transitions: Background and Federal Support Stephanie Smith Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Summary The Presidential Transition Act (PTA), as amended, authorizes funding for the General Services Administration (GSA) to provide suitable office space, staff compensation, and ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2008 |
Report No. RL34277 |
Title
Order Code RL34277 The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: Comparison of House-Passed H.R. 3773, S. 2248 as Reported by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and S. 2248 as Reported Out of the Senate Judiciary Committee Updated February 8, 2008 Elizabeth B. Bazan Legislative Attorney American Law Division The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: Comparison of House-Passed H.R. 3773, S. ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2008 |
Report No. RL33888 |
Title
Order Code RL33888 Section 527 Political Organizations: Background and Issues for Federal Election and Tax Laws Updated February 8, 2008 R. Sam Garrett Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Erika Lunder and L. Paige Whitaker Legislative Attorneys American Law Division Section 527 Political Organizations: Background and Issues for Federal Election and Tax Laws ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2008 |
Report No. RL34365 |
Title
Order Code RL34365 Ship Navigation in Harbors: Safety Issues February 8, 2008 John Frittelli Specialist in Transportation Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Ship Navigation in Harbors: Safety Issues Summary On November 7, 2007, a container ship collided with a tower of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, spilling 58,000 gallons of the ship s bunker fuel into the Bay. The incident ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2008 |
Report No. RS22330 |
Title
Order Code RS22330 Updated February 8, 2008 Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: Effects and Countermeasures Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary Since October 2001, improvised explosive devices (IEDs, roadside bombs, and suicide car bombs) have been responsible for many of the combat deaths in Iraq ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL32546 |
Title
Order Code RL32546 Title VII Health Professions Education and Training: Issues in Reauthorization Updated February 7, 2008 Bernice Reyes-Akinbileje Analyst in Life Sciences Domestic Social Policy Division Title VII Health Professions Education and Training: Issues in Reauthorization Summary In 1963, responding to projections of an impending physician shortage, Congress passed the Health ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL33423 |
Title
Order Code RL33423 Products Liability: A Legal Overview Updated February 7, 2008 Henry Cohen Legislative Attorney American Law Division Vanessa K. Burrows Legislative Attorney American Law Division Products Liability: A Legal Overview Summary Products liability refers to the liability of a manufacturer or seller for injury caused by his product to the person or property of a buyer or third party. ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL33805 |
Title
Order Code RL33805 Early Childhood Care and Education Programs in the 110th Congress: Background and Funding Updated February 7, 2008 Melinda Gish and Gail McCallion Specialists in Social Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Early Childhood Care and Education Programs in the 110th Congress: Background and Funding Summary Federal support for child care and education comes in many forms, ranging ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL31414 |
Title
Order Code RL31414 Baseline Budget Projections: A Discussion of Issues Updated February 7, 2008 Marc Labonte Specialist in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division Baseline Budget Projections: A Discussion of Issues Summary In January 2001, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected budget surpluses of $2.6 trillion from 2002-2007. Instead, deficits over that time combined to equal $1.7 ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL33137 |
Title
Order Code RL33137 Military Base Closures and the Impact Aid Program for Education Updated February 7, 2008 Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Education Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Military Base Closures and the Impact Aid Program for Education Summary Congress authorizes the Department of Defense (DOD) to realign or close military installations to meet the changing military requirements ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RL34360 |
Title
P.L. 110-173: Provisions in the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 Sibyl Tilson Specialist in Health Care Financing Jim Hahn Analyst in Health Care Financing Elicia J. Herz Specialist in Health Care Financing Paulette C. Morgan Specialist in Health Care Financing Holly Stockdale Analyst in Health Care Financing Julie Stone Specialist in Health Care Financing February 7, 2008 The ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2008 |
Report No. RS22558 |
Title
Order Code RS22558 Updated February 7, 2008 Tax Credits for Hybrid Vehicles Salvatore Lazzari Specialist in Public Finance Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Hybrid vehicles are propelled by a standard gasoline (or diesel) internal combustion engine in combination with an electric motor (and battery storage system), which improves fuel economy. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 replaced ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL33995 |
Title
Order Code RL33995 Surface Transportation Congestion: Policy and Issues Updated February 6, 2008 William J. Mallett Specialist in Transportation Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Surface Transportation Congestion: Policy and Issues Summary Surface transportation congestion most likely will be a major issue for Congress as it considers reauthorization of the Safe, Accountable, ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL30726 |
Title
Order Code RL30726 Prescription Drug Coverage Under Medicaid Updated February 6, 2008 Jean Hearne Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Prescription Drug Coverage Under Medicaid Summary Medicaid is a joint federal-state entitlement program that pays for services on behalf of certain groups of low-income persons. One of its most important benefits is prescription drug ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL34358 |
Title
Order Code RL34358 Obesity Among Older Americans February 6, 2008 Andrew R. Sommers Analyst in Public Health and Epidemiology Domestic Social Policy Division Obesity Among Older Americans Summary Obesity, defined as an unhealthy excess of body fat, is a serious and growing public health problem. The number and proportion of people who are obese have risen notably in recent decades; since the 1970s ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL31241 |
Title
Order Code RL31241 Reading First and Early Reading First: Background and Funding Updated February 6, 2008 Gail McCallion Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Reading First and Early Reading First: Background and Funding Summary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), including the Reading First and Early Reading First programs, is being considered for ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL33246 |
Title
Order Code RL33246 Reading First: Implementation Issues and Controversies Updated February 6, 2008 Gail McCallion Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Reading First: Implementation Issues and Controversies Summary The Reading First program was authorized as part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLBA). ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL34147 |
Title
Order Code RL34147 Managing Electronic Waste: An Analysis of State E-Waste Legislation Updated February 6, 2008 Linda Luther Environmental Policy Analyst Resources, Science, and Industry Division Managing Electronic Waste: An Analysis of State E-Waste Legislation Summary Pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL30239 |
Title
Order Code RL30239 Economic Forecasts and the Budget Updated February 6, 2008 Brian W. Cashell Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy Government and Finance Division Economic Forecasts and the Budget Summary Outlays, revenues, and the federal budget surplus (or deficit) for a given year depend on both economic performance and fiscal policy. (The budget surplus is outlays minus revenues for a given ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RS22779 |
Title
Order Code RS22779 Updated February 6, 2008 Food Safety: Provisions in the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 Donna V. Porter Specialist in Nutrition and Food Safety Domestic Social Policy Division Summary The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA; P.L. 11085), while primarily concerned with drug and device regulation and their user fees, also contains several ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RL33071 |
Title
Order Code RL33071 Even Start: Funding Controversy Updated February 6, 2008 Gail McCallion Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Even Start: Funding Controversy Summary The Even Start program is part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The ESEA was reauthorized through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLBA). The NCLBA was signed into law on ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2008 |
Report No. RS22803 |
Title
Order Code RS22803 February 6, 2008 Dormant Commerce Clause and State Treatment of Tax-Exempt Bonds Erika Lunder Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary Most states exempt from state income taxes the interest earned on bonds issued by that particular state and its political subdivisions, while taxing the interest earned on bonds issued by other states and their political subdivisions.1 ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2008 |
Report No. RL34048 |
Title
Order Code RL34048 Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008 Updated February 5, 2008 John F. Sargent (Coordinator), Christine M. Matthews, John D. Moteff, Daniel Morgan, Robert Esworthy, and Wendy H. Schacht Resources, Science, and Industry Division Pamela W. Smith Domestic Social Policy Division Wayne A. Morrissey Knowledge Services Group Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008 ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2008 |
Report No. RL33628 |
Title
Order Code RL33628 Trade Capacity Building: Foreign Assistance for Trade and Development Updated February 5, 2008 Danielle Langton Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Trade Capacity Building: Foreign Assistance for Trade and Development Summary Trade capacity building (TCB) is a form of development assistance provided by the United States and ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2008 |
Report No. RL31240 |
Title
Order Code RL31240 21st Century Community Learning Centers: Background and Funding Updated February 5, 2008 Gail McCallion Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division 21st Century Community Learning Centers: Background and Funding Summary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), including the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program (21st CCLC), ESEA Title IV- ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2008 |
Report No. RS22801 |
Title
Order Code RS22801 February 5, 2008 General Overview of U.S. Copyright Law Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary This report provides a general overview of copyright law and briefly summarizes the major provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act. Constitutional Basis The source of federal copyright law originates with the Copyright and Patent Clause of the U.S. Constitution, ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2008 |
Report No. RL33641 |
Title
Order Code RL33641 Tax Expenditures: Trends and Critiques Updated February 4, 2008 Thomas L. Hungerford Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Tax Expenditures: Trends and Critiques Summary Special deductions, exclusions, and exemptions (sometimes characterized as loopholes ) have always been in the tax code. In the mid-1960s, the Department of the Treasury became interested ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2008 |
Report No. RL34038 |
Title
Order Code RL34038 Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations Updated February 4, 2008 Daniel H. Else Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Christine Scott Specialist in Social Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Sidath Viranga Panangala Analyst in Veterans Policy Domestic Social Policy Division The annual ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2008 |
Report No. RL34353 |
Title
Order Code RL34353 Residence Restrictions for Released Sex Offenders February 4, 2008 Garrine P. Laney Analyst in Social Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Residence Restrictions for Released Sex Offenders Summary Monitoring the movement of sex offenders in communities continues to be of interest to Congress, state legislatures, and local governments. In response to some citizens concerns, ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2008 |
Report No. RL33720 |
Title
Order Code RL33720 Imports of Canadian Waste Updated February 4, 2008 James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Imports of Canadian Waste Summary Private waste haulers and Canadian cities including the city of Toronto ship large quantities of waste to the United States. About four million tons (as many as 400 truckloads a day) have been shipped ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2008 |
Report No. RL31410 |
Title
Order Code RL31410 Superfund Taxes or General Revenues: Future Funding Issues for the Superfund Program Updated February 4, 2008 Jonathan L. Ramseur Analyst in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Mark Reisch Analyst in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry ...
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| Date Feb. 3, 2008 |
Report No. RL34011 |
Title
Order Code RL34011 Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations Updated February 3, 2008 Carol Hardy Vincent, Coordinator, Robert Bamberger, David M. Bearden, M. Lynne Corn, Robert Esworthy, Ross W. Gorte, Marc Humphries, Pervaze A. Sheikh, and David L. Whiteman Resources, Science, and Industry Division Blake Alan Naughton and Roger Walke Domestic Social Policy Division R. ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2008 |
Report No. RL33584 |
Title
Order Code RL33584 AIDS in Africa Updated February 2, 2008 Nicolas Cook Specialist in Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division AIDS in Africa Summary Sub-Saharan Africa ( Africa hereafter) has been more severely affected by AIDS than any other world region. In 2007, the United Nations reports, there were about 22.5 million HIV-positive persons in Africa, which has nearly 12% of ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL34076 |
Title
Order Code RL34076 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2008 Appropriations Updated February 1, 2008 Pamela W. Smith, Coordinator, Gerald Mayer, and Rebecca R. Skinner Domestic Social Policy Division The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the consideration ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL34132 |
Title
Order Code RL34132 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations Updated February 1, 2008 Jim Monke, Coordinator Resources, Science, and Industry Division The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the consideration of budget resolutions, revenue and debt-limit ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL32513 |
Title
Order Code RL32513 Navy-Marine Corps Amphibious and Maritime Prepositioning Ship Programs: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress Updated February 1, 2008 Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Navy-Marine Corps Amphibious and Maritime Prepositioning Ship Programs: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress Summary The Navy is proposing ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL33564 |
Title
Order Code RL33564 Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress Updated February 1, 2008 Brent D. Yacobucci Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress Summary Alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles are seen by proponents as integral to improving urban air quality, ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL34346 |
Title
Order Code RL34346 The Egypt-Gaza Border and its Effect on Israeli-Egyptian Relations February 1, 2008 Jeremy M. Sharp Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The Egypt-Gaza Border and its Effect on IsraeliEgyptian Relations Summary Since Israel unilaterally dismantled its settlements and withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RL33438 |
Title
Order Code RL33438 A Value-Added Tax Contrasted With a National Sales Tax Updated February 1, 2008 James M. Bickley Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division A Value-Added Tax Contrasted With a National Sales Tax Summary Both a value-added tax (VAT) and a national sales tax (NST) have been proposed by participants in the tax-reform debate as replacement taxes for all or part of ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2008 |
Report No. RS22800 |
Title
Order Code RS22800 February 1, 2008 U.S. Sentencing Commission s Decision on Retroactivity of the Crack Cocaine Amendment Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary In May 2007, the U.S. Sentencing Commission submitted to Congress several amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, one of which had the effect of lowering the recommended penalties for crack cocaine ...
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