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Date Report No. Title
Date Aug. 12, 2010 Report No. EFFICIENCY Title

Preliminary assessment of efficiency initiatives announced by Secretary of Defense Gates on August 9, 2010

MEMORANDUM Subject: From: Revised, August 12, 2010 Preliminary assessment of efficiency initiatives announced by Secretary of Defense Gates on August 9, 2010 Stephen Daggett, Specialist in Defense Policy and Budgets, 202 707-7642 CRS prepared this memorandum for distribution to more than one congressional office. On August 9, 2010, Secretary of Defense Gates announced a number of efficiency ...

Date Aug. 11, 2010 Report No. R41365 Title

Tax Deductible Expenses: The BP Case

Tax Deductible Expenses: The BP Case Molly F. Sherlock Analyst in Economics August 11, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41365 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Tax Deductible Expenses: The BP Case Summary Following the release of BP s second quarter earning statement, which showed a $10 billion reduction in tax liability for oil-spill- ...

Date Aug. 10, 2010 Report No. R41366 Title

House of Representatives and Senate Staff Levels in Member, Committee, Leadership, and Other Offices, 1977-2010

House of Representatives and Senate Staff Levels in Member, Committee, Leadership, and Other Offices, 1977-2010 R. Eric Petersen Analyst in American National Government Parker H. Reynolds Analyst in American National Government Amber Hope Wilhelm Graphics Specialist August 10, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41366 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees ...

Date Aug. 9, 2010 Report No. RL32694 Title

Open Ocean Aquaculture

Open Ocean Aquaculture Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy August 9, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32694 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Open Ocean Aquaculture Summary Open ocean aquaculture is broadly defined as the rearing of marine organisms in exposed areas ...

Date Aug. 6, 2010 Report No. R41232 Title

FY2010 Supplemental for Wars, Disaster Assistance, Haiti Relief, and Other Programs

FY2010 Supplemental for Wars, Disaster Assistance, Haiti Relief, and Other Programs Amy Belasco, Coordinator Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget Daniel H. Else Specialist in National Defense Bruce R. Lindsay Analyst in Emergency Management Policy Rhoda Margesson Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy Kennon H. Nakamura Analyst in Foreign Affairs Maureen Taft-Morales Specialist in ...

Date Aug. 6, 2010 Report No. RL33118 Title

Speed of Presidential and Senate Actions on Supreme Court Nominations, 1900-2010

Speed of Presidential and Senate Actions on Supreme Court Nominations, 1900-2010 R. Sam Garrett Analyst in American National Government Denis Steven Rutkus Specialist on the Federal Judiciary August 6, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33118 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Speed of Presidential and Senate Actions on Supreme Court ...

Date Aug. 6, 2010 Report No. R41359 Title

Form 1099 Information Reporting Requirements as Modified by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Form 1099 Information Reporting Requirements as Modified by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Carol A. Pettit Legislative Attorney Edward C. Liu Legislative Attorney August 6, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41359 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Form 1099 Reporting Requirements as Modified by PPACA Summary Under 6041 of ...

Date Aug. 5, 2010 Report No. RL33318 Title

Federal Cocaine Sentencing Disparity: Sentencing Guidelines, Jurisprudence, and Legislation

Federal Cocaine Sentencing Disparity: Sentencing Guidelines, Jurisprudence, and Legislation Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney August 5, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33318 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Cocaine Sentencing Disparity: Sentencing Guidelines, Jurisprudence, and Legislation Summary Pursuant to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act ...

Date Aug. 5, 2010 Report No. RL33754 Title

Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement

Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement Ted Dagne Specialist in African Affairs August 5, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33574 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement Summary Sudan, geographically the largest country in Africa, has ...

Date Aug. 4, 2010 Report No. R41097 Title

The FY2011 Federal Budget

The FY2011 Federal Budget Mindy R. Levit Analyst in Public Finance August 4, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41097 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The FY2011 Federal Budget Summary While considering the FY2011 budget, Congress faces very large budget deficits, rising costs of entitlement programs, and significant spending on overseas ...

Date Aug. 4, 2010 Report No. RL34167 Title

The FDA's Authority to Recall Products

The FDA s Authority to Recall Products Vanessa K. Burrows Legislative Attorney August 4, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34167 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The FDA s Authority to Recall Products Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has fielded increasing numbers of questions regarding recalls of unsafe imports, including ...

Date Aug. 3, 2010 Report No. R41358 Title

Security and the Environment in Pakistan

Security and the Environment in Pakistan Bruce Vaughn Specialist in Asian Affairs Nicole T. Carter Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Pervaze A. Sheikh Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Ren e Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy August 3, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41358 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Security and ...

Date July 31, 2010 Report No. R41262 Title

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for Congress

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for Congress Curry L. Hagerty, Coordinator Specialist in Energy and Natural Resources Policy Jonathan L. Ramseur, Coordinator Specialist in Environmental Policy July 31, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41262 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for ...

Date July 30, 2010 Report No. RS20873 Title

Reducing Teen Pregnancy: Adolescent Family Life and Abstinence Education Programs

Reducing Teen Pregnancy: Adolescent Family Life and Abstinence Education Programs Updated July 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20873 Reducing Teen Pregnancy: Adolescent Family Life and Abstinence Education Programs Summary In 2009, 46% of students in grades 9-12 reported that they had experienced sexual intercourse; about 20% of female teens who have had ...

Date July 30, 2010 Report No. RL34593 Title

Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights and State Sovereign Immunity

Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights and State Sovereign Immunity Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney July 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34593 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights and State Sovereign Immunity Summary The Eleventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that [t] ...

Date July 30, 2010 Report No. RL34764 Title

Select Bush Administration Medicaid Rulemakings: Congressional and Administrative Actions

Select Bush Administration Medicaid Rulemakings: Congressional and Administrative Actions (name redacted) Specialist in Health Care Financing (name redacted) Legislative Attorney July 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34764 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Select Bush Administration Medicaid Rulemakings Summary This report provides ...

Date July 29, 2010 Report No. R40656 Title

Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 151A and Annuities: Issues and Legislation

Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 151A and Annuities: Issues and Legislation Baird Webel Specialist in Financial Economics Rena S. Miller Analyst in Financial Economics July 29, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40656 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 151A and Annuities: Issues and Legislation ...

Date July 29, 2010 Report No. R41273 Title

The Home Star Energy Retrofit Act of 2010: Operational and Market Considerations

The Home Star Energy Retrofit Act of 2010: Operational and Market Considerations Paul W. Parfomak Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy July 29, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41273 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Home Star Retrofit Energy Act of 2010: Operational and Market Considerations Summary The Home Star Energy ...

Date July 29, 2010 Report No. RL34741 Title

Drilling in the Great Lakes: Background and Issues

. Drilling in the Great Lakes: Background and Issues Pervaze A. Sheikh, Coordinator Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Marc Humphries Analyst in Energy Policy Jonathan L. Ramseur Specialist in Environmental Policy Adam Vann Legislative Attorney July 29, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34741 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress . ...

Date July 29, 2010 Report No. R40114 Title

The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens

The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens James K. Jackson Specialist in International Trade and Finance July 29, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40114 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens Summary Since the 1990s, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), under the direction of its member ...

Date July 28, 2010 Report No. R41018 Title

Insurance and Financial Regulatory Reform in the 111th Congress

Insurance and Financial Regulatory Reform in the 111th Congress Baird Webel Specialist in Financial Economics July 28, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41018 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Insurance and Financial Regulatory Reform in the 111th Congress Summary In the aftermath of the recent financial crisis, broad financial regulatory ...

Date July 28, 2010 Report No. R40538 Title

Coordination of Federal Water Research: Legislative Issues

Coordination of Federal Water Research: Legislative Issues Updated July 28, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40538 Coordination of Federal Water Research: Legislative Issues Summary H.R. 1145, the National Water Research and Development Initiative Act of 2009, would formally establish a federal interagency committee to coordinate federal water research. Federal ...

Date July 28, 2010 Report No. R41344 Title

Public Employees' Right to Privacy in Their Electronic Communications: City of Ontario v. Quon in the Supreme Court

Public Employees Right to Privacy in Their Electronic Communications: City of Ontario v. Quon in the Supreme Court Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law July 28, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41344 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Public Employees Privacy Rights in Their Electronic Communications Summary In City of ...

Date July 27, 2010 Report No. R41096 Title

Legislative Options After Citizens United v. FEC: Constitutional and Legal Issues

Legislative Options After Citizens United v. FEC: Constitutional and Legal Issues L. Paige Whitaker Legislative Attorney Erika K. Lunder Legislative Attorney Kate M. Manuel Legislative Attorney Jack Maskell Legislative Attorney Michael V. Seitzinger Legislative Attorney July 27, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41096 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and ...

Date July 26, 2010 Report No. R41264 Title

The DISCLOSE Act: Overview and Analysis

The DISCLOSE Act: Overview and Analysis Updated July 26, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41264 The DISCLOSE Act: Overview and Analysis Summary As it has periodically for decades, Congress is again considering how or whether to regulate campaign financing. The latest iteration of the debate over which kinds of groups should be permitted to spend funds on ...

Date July 26, 2010 Report No. RL34427 Title

Financial Turmoil: Federal Reserve Policy Responses

Financial Turmoil: Federal Reserve Policy Responses Updated July 26, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34427 Financial Turmoil: Federal Reserve Policy Responses Summary The Federal Reserve (Fed) has been central in the policy response to the financial turmoil that began in August 2007. It has sharply increased reserves to the banking system through open market ...

Date July 23, 2010 Report No. R41234 Title

Potential Stafford Act Declarations for the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Issues for Congress

Potential Stafford Act Declarations for the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Issues for Congress Francis X. McCarthy Analyst in Emergency Management Policy July 23, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41234 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Potential Stafford Act Declarations for the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Issues for Congress Summary The Robert T. ...

Date July 22, 2010 Report No. RS22506 Title

Surplus Lines Insurance: Background and Current Legislation

Surplus Lines Insurance: Background and Current Legislation (name redacted) Specialist in Financial Economics July 22, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RS22506 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Surplus Lines Insurance: Background and Current Legislation Summary In general, insurance is a highly regulated financial product. Every state ...

Date July 21, 2010 Report No. R41338 Title

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Title X, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Title X, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau David H. Carpenter Legislative Attorney July 21, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41338 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Summary In the wake of what many believe is the worst U.S. ...

Date July 20, 2010 Report No. RL34053 Title

Measuring Equity in Farm Support Levels

Measuring Equity in Farm Support Levels Randy Schnepf Specialist in Agricultural Policy July 20, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34053 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Measuring Equity in Farm Support Levels Summary Federal farm law mandates support for, among others, 21 covered commodities. Support for these agricultural commodities, ...

Date July 20, 2010 Report No. RL33603 Title

Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook

Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy July 20, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33603 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook Summary In 2003 and 2004, the U.S. Commission on ...

Date July 19, 2010 Report No. R40080 Title

Job Loss and Infrastructure Job Creation Spending During the Recession

Job Loss and Infrastructure Job Creation Spending During the Recession Linda Levine Specialist in Labor Economics July 19, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40080 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Job Loss and Infrastructure Job Creation Spending During the Recession Summary After the long economic expansion that characterized much of the ...

Date July 16, 2010 Report No. RL34040 Title

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services' Immigration Fees and Adjudication Costs: Proposed Adjustments and Historical Context

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Immigration Fees and Adjudication Costs: Proposed Adjustments and Historical Context William A. Kandel Analyst in Immigration Policy Chad C. Haddal Specialist in Immigration Policy July 16, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34040 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ...

Date July 16, 2010 Report No. RS22438 Title

Health Workforce Programs in the Public Health Service Act (PHSA): Appropriations History, FY2001-FY2011

Health Workforce Programs in the Public Health Service Act (PHSA): Appropriations History, FY2001-FY2011 (name redacted) Analyst in Health Resources and Services (name redacted) Analyst in Biomedical Policy (name redacted) Information Research Specialist July 16, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RS22438 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ...

Date July 16, 2010 Report No. IS40304 Title

CRS Issue Statement on Canada

. CRS Issue Statement on Canada Carl Ek, Coordinator Specialist in International Relations July 16, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov IS40304 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress . CRS Issue Statement on Canada T he United States and Canada have extensive ties that encompass a number of areas, including trade, security, the environment, and ...

Date July 15, 2010 Report No. RL32703 Title

The U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate

The U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate Updated July 15, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32703 The U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate Summary The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), established in 1969, is the world s largest source of population and reproductive health programs and the principal unit ...

Date July 15, 2010 Report No. RL32686 Title

Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy

Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy -name redactedAnalyst in Middle Eastern Affairs July 15, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL32686 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy Summary Opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking have eroded Afghanistan s fragile political and economic order over the last ...

Date July 15, 2010 Report No. RL33001 Title

U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy

U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy Shirley A. Kan Specialist in Asian Security Affairs July 15, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33001 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy Summary After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States ...

Date July 15, 2010 Report No. RL34429 Title

Coal Mine Safety and Health

. Coal Mine Safety and Health Linda Levine Specialist in Labor Economics July 15, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34429 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress . Coal Mine Safety and Health Summary Fatal injuries associated with coal mine accidents fell almost continually between 1925 and 2005. In 2006, however, the number of fatalities more ...

Date July 12, 2010 Report No. RL31032 Title

The U.S. Trade Deficit: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options

The U.S. Trade Deficit: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options Craig K. Elwell Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy July 12, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31032 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The U.S. Trade Deficit: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options Summary The current account balance is the nation s most comprehensive ...

Date July 12, 2010 Report No. R41320 Title

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster: Risk, Recovery, and Insurance Implications

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster: Risk, Recovery, and Insurance Implications Rawle O. King Analyst in Financial Economics and Risk Assessment July 12, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41320 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster: Risk, Recovery, and Insurance Implications Summary The April 2010 ...

Date July 9, 2010 Report No. R41324 Title

The National Broadband Plan

The National Broadband Plan Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Angele A. Gilroy Specialist in Telecommunications Policy Charles B. Goldfarb Specialist in Telecommunications Policy Linda K. Moore Specialist in Telecommunications Policy Kathleen Ann Ruane Legislative Attorney July 9, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41324 CRS Report for Congress ...

Date July 9, 2010 Report No. R41318 Title

Jamaica: Background and U.S. Relations

Jamaica: Background and U.S. Relations Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs July 9, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41318 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Jamaica: Background and U.S. Relations Summary The Caribbean island-nation of Jamaica has had a relatively stable parliamentary political system stemming from its ...

Date July 8, 2010 Report No. R41315 Title

New Entities Created Pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

New Entities Created Pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Curtis W. Copeland Specialist in American National Government July 8, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41315 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress New Entities Created Pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Summary The Patient Protection and ...

Date July 8, 2010 Report No. R41255 Title

FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture

FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture Jim Monke Specialist in Agricultural Policy July 8, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41255 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress FY2010 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture Summary Two separate bills are advancing in the 111th Congress that could provide nearly $4 billion of ...

Date July 8, 2010 Report No. RS21698 Title

Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance

Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance Chad C. Haddal Specialist in Immigration Policy Jeremiah Gertler Specialist in Military Aviation July 8, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21698 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance Summary Congress has ...

Date July 6, 2010 Report No. RL34664 Title

The First-Time Homebuyer Tax Credit

The First-Time Homebuyer Tax Credit -name redactedLegislative Attorney July 6, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34664 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The First-Time Homebuyer Tax Credit Summary Homebuyers who were unable to close on their properties by the June 30, 2010, deadline imposed by the Worker, Homeownership, and Business ...

Date July 1, 2010 Report No. R40955 Title

An Economic Analysis of the Homebuyer Tax Credit

An Economic Analysis of the Homebuyer Tax Credit -name redactedAnalyst in Public Finance July 1, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R40955 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress An Economic Analysis of the Homebuyer Tax Credit Summary There have been three different versions of the homebuyer tax credit enacted since the summer of 2008. In July ...

Date July 1, 2010 Report No. RS22798 Title

Instability and Humanitarian Conditions in Chad

Instability and Humanitarian Conditions in Chad Lauren Ploch Analyst in African Affairs July 1, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22798 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Instability and Humanitarian Conditions in Chad Summary As the Sahel region weathers another year of drought and poor harvests, the political and security situation in ...

Date July 1, 2010 Report No. R41077 Title

Civil Pleading Requirements After Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal

. Civil Pleading Requirements After Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal Emily C. Barbour Legislative Attorney July 1, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41077 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress . Civil Pleading Requirements Summary In 2007 and 2009 decisions, Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ...