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| Date July 9, 2015 |
Report No. SANCTUARY |
Title
Legal Sidebar Recent Shooting in San Francisco Raises Questions about Sanctuary Cities and Compliance with Immigration Detainers 7/9/2015 Recent reports that an alien who shot and killed a woman after being released by San Francisco authorities had been the subject of an immigration detainer have raised questions about state and local practices of declining to honor such detainers. In this case, ...
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| Date July 9, 2015 |
Report No. LS_2015-07-09_01 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Recent Shooting in San Francisco Raises Questions about Sanctuary Cities and Compliance with Immigration Detainers 7/9/2015 Recent reports that an alien who shot and killed a woman after being released by San Francisco authorities had been the subject of an immigration detainer have raised questions about state and local practices of declining to honor such detainers. In this case, ...
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| Date July 8, 2015 |
Report No. R44024 |
Title
Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the 114th Congress: S. 697, S. 725, and H.R. 2576 Jerry H. Yen Analyst in Environmental Policy Alexandra M. Wyatt Legislative Attorney July 8, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44024 Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the 114th Congress Summary Enacted in 1976, the Toxic ...
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| Date July 8, 2015 |
Report No. IN10191 |
Title
What Is 5G? Implications for Spectrum and Technology Policy Linda K. Moore, Specialist in Telecommunications Policy (lmoore@crs.loc.gov, 7-5853) July 8, 2015 (IN10191) In the progression of improvements to mobile communications, 5G refers to fifth-generation technologies, the next cycle in expected communications technology breakthroughs. Although no officially recognized definition of 5G exists, ...
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| Date July 7, 2015 |
Report No. R42344 |
Title
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis Brock R. Williams Analyst in International Trade and Finance July 7, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42344 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis Summary The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed regional free trade agreement (FTA) among 12 ...
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| Date July 7, 2015 |
Report No. R42579 |
Title
Hydropower: Federal and Nonfederal Investment Kelsi Bracmort Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Resources Policy Adam Vann Legislative Attorney Charles V. Stern Specialist in Natural Resources Policy July 7, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42579 Hydropower: Federal and Nonfederal Investment Summary Congress continues to look at various fuel contributions to ...
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| Date July 7, 2015 |
Report No. R44099 |
Title
District of Columbia: Issues in the 114th Congress Eugene Boyd, Coordinator Analyst in Federalism and Economic Development Policy Christopher M. Davis Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney William J. Krouse Specialist in Domestic Security and Crime Policy Vivian S. Chu Legislative Attorney July 7, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov ...
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| Date July 7, 2015 |
Report No. IN10295 |
Title
Economic Crisis in Greece Rebecca M. Nelson, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (rnelson@crs.loc.gov, 7-6819) July 7, 2015 (IN10295) Background Questions about whether Greece will stay in the Eurozone have resurfaced, as the government's stalemate with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Eurozone creditors has reached a critical point. Greece's economic crisis was triggered in ...
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| Date July 6, 2015 |
Report No. R41884 |
Title
Considerations for a Catastrophic Declaration: Issues and Analysis Bruce R. Lindsay Analyst in American National Government Francis X. McCarthy Analyst in Emergency Management Policy July 6, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41884 Considerations for a Catastrophic Declaration: Issues and Analysis Summary The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the ...
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| Date July 6, 2015 |
Report No. R44098 |
Title
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget for FY2016 Harold F. Upton Analyst in Natural Resources Policy July 6, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44098 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget for FY2016 Summary The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducts scientific research in areas such as ecosystems, ...
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| Date July 6, 2015 |
Report No. IF10248 |
Title
July 6, 2015 China s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to Addressing Climate Change in 2020 and Beyond China s Pledge to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions On June 30, 2015, the Chinese government submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the current negotiations under the United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). China pledged that, by 2030, it would ...
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| Date July 6, 2015 |
Report No. IF10225 |
Title
July 6, 2015 Coastal Flood Resilience: Policy, Roles, and Funds Congress and other policymakers are faced with how to cost-effectively reduce coastal flood risk. Issues include how to coordinate action and assign responsibilities for preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery; who bears the cost of impacts and long-term adjustments; and how to finance actions to improve coastal flood ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. RL33743 |
Title
Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy Updated July 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33743 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy Summary Legislation to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority ( TPA ), sometimes called fast track, was signed by President Obama on June 29, 2015 (P.L. 114-26). ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. IN10306 |
Title
CRS Insights Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV): World Health Organization Responses Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, Specialist in Global Health (tsalaam@crs.loc.gov, 7-7677) July 2, 2015 (IN10306) In September 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in Saudi Arabia and has spread to more than one dozen countries (Figure 1). MERS-CoV is an infectious ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. R43604 |
Title
Physical Security of the U.S. Power Grid: High-Voltage Transformer Substations Paul W. Parfomak Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy July 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43604 Physical Security of the U.S. Power Grid: High-Voltage Transformer Substations Summary The U.S. electric power grid consists of over 200,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. R41696 |
Title
. How the Federal Sentencing Guidelines Work: An Overview Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law July 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41696 How the Federal Sentencing Guidelines Work: An Overview . Summary Sentencing for all serious federal noncapital crimes begins with the federal Sentencing Guidelines. Congress establishes the maximum penalty and ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. IF10241 |
Title
July 2, 2015 Puerto Rico: Political Status and Background Introduction Puerto Rico is the most populous and in many ways most prominent of five major U.S. territories. (The other four are the U.S. Virgin Islands, located east of Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean; and American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam in the Pacific.) Puerto Rico is both deeply integrated ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. R44096 |
Title
Acquisition Reform in House- and SenatePassed Versions of the FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 1735) Moshe Schwartz Specialist in Defense Acquisition July 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44096 Acquisition Reform in House and Senate Passed Versions of the FY2016 NDAA Contents ...
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| Date July 2, 2015 |
Report No. R41697 |
Title
. How the Federal Sentencing Guidelines Work: An Abridged Overview Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law July 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41697 How the Federal Sentencing Guidelines Work: An Abridged Overview . Summary Sentencing for all serious federal noncapital crimes begins with the federal Sentencing Guidelines. Congress establishes the maximum ...
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| Date July 1, 2015 |
Report No. R44031 |
Title
Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: The 2017 Election Reforms (Update) Michael F. Martin Specialist in Asian Affairs July 1, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44031 Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: The 2017 Election Reforms (Update) Summary The United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-383) declares that, Support for democratization is a fundamental ...
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| Date July 1, 2015 |
Report No. IN10305 |
Title
CRS Insights Ex-Im Bank's General Statutory Authority Expires Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, Specialist in International Trade and Finance (siliasakhtar@crs.loc.gov, 7-9253) July 1, 2015 (IN10305) The Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank), a wholly owned federal government corporation, is the official U.S. export credit agency (ECA). It operates under a renewable general statutory charter, the Export-Import ...
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| Date June 30, 2015 |
Report No. R44093 |
Title
California Agricultural Production and Irrigated Water Use Ren e Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy Betsy A. Cody Specialist in Natural Resources Policy June 30, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44093 California Agricultural Production and Irrigated Water Use Summary California ranks as the leading agricultural state in the United States in terms of farm-level sales. ...
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| Date June 30, 2015 |
Report No. IN10304 |
Title
CRS Insights U.S.-Republic of Korea Nuclear Cooperation Agreement Mary Beth D. Nikitin, Specialist in Nonproliferation (mnikitin@crs.loc.gov, 7-7745) Mark Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy (mholt@crs.loc.gov, 7-1704) June 30, 2015 (IN10304) On June 15, the United States and South Korea (ROK) signed a new civilian nuclear cooperation agreement to replace the existing agreement, which entered into ...
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| Date June 30, 2015 |
Report No. IN10307 |
Title
CRS Insights Burma's Parliament Defeats Constitutional Amendments Michael F. Martin, Specialist in Asian Affairs (mfmartin@crs.loc.gov, 7-2199) June 30, 2015 (IN10307) On June 25, 2015, Burma's parliament, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, defeated five of six proposed constitutional amendments that arguably could have advanced democratic reforms in which Congress has shown an interest. Among the amendments ...
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| Date June 26, 2015 |
Report No. R44090 |
Title
Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas in the Power Sector Updated June 26, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44090 Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas in the Power Sector Summary Recent expansion in natural gas production has made the resource an increasingly significant component in the U.S. energy market. Further, ...
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| Date June 26, 2015 |
Report No. RL32965 |
Title
Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2013 and FY2014 Results for Active and Reserve Component Enlisted Personnel Updated June 26, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32965 Recruiting and Retention: An Overview of FY2013 and FY2014 Results Summary Congress has historically been quite interested in recruiting and retention of personnel in the nation s Armed ...
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| Date June 25, 2015 |
Report No. R43597 |
Title
Sex Trafficking: An Overview of Federal Criminal Law Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law June 25, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43597 Sex Trafficking: An Overview of Federal Criminal Law Summary Sex trafficking is a state crime. Federal law, however, makes it a federal crime to conduct the activities of a sex trafficking enterprise in a way that affects ...
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| Date June 25, 2015 |
Report No. R44089 |
Title
U.S. Capital Markets and International Accounting Standards: GAAP Versus IFRS Raj Gnanarajah Analyst in Financial Economics June 25, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44089 U.S. Capital Markets and International Accounting Standards: GAAP Versus IFRS Summary Capital markets function most efficiently when investors and creditors have a high degree of trust in the quality of ...
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| Date June 25, 2015 |
Report No. R44066 |
Title
. Preemption in Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): Side-by-Side Analysis of S. 697 and H.R. 2576 Alexandra M. Wyatt Legislative Attorney June 25, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44066 Preemption in Proposed Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act . Summary The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to govern the ...
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| Date June 25, 2015 |
Report No. R43598 |
Title
. Sex Trafficking: An Abbreviated Overview of Federal Criminal Law Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law June 25, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43598 Sex Trafficking: An Abbreviated Overview of Federal Criminal Law . Summary Sex trafficking is a state crime. Federal law, however, makes it a federal crime to conduct the activities of a sex trafficking ...
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| Date June 24, 2015 |
Report No. R44088 |
Title
. Comparison of Post-9/11 GI Bill and Pell Grant Administration Cassandria Dortch Analyst in Education Policy June 24, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44088 Comparison of Post-9/11 GI Bill and Pell Grant Administration . Summary This report compares and contrasts the administration of the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 (Post-9/11 GI Bill ) enacted as ...
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| Date June 24, 2015 |
Report No. R42745 |
Title
Medigap: A Primer Carol Rapaport Analyst in Health Care Financing June 24, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42745 Medigap: A Primer Summary Medicare is a nationwide health insurance program for individuals aged 65 and over and certain disabled individuals. The basic Medicare benefit package (termed original Medicare in this report) provides broad protection against the costs ...
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| Date June 24, 2015 |
Report No. R44103 |
Title
U.S. Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Sustainment, Modernization, and Recapitalization: Background and Issues for Congress Jenifer Warren US Air Force Fellow June 24, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44103 U.S. Air Force ICBM Sustainment, Modernization, and Recapitalization Summary Determining the future role of U.S. nuclear weapons within the U.S. national ...
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| Date June 23, 2015 |
Report No. R40002 |
Title
Immigration-Related Worksite Enforcement: Performance Measures Andorra Bruno Specialist in Immigration Policy June 23, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40002 Immigration-Related Worksite Enforcement: Performance Measures Summary Under current Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidance on immigration-related worksite enforcement, the agency uses available civil and ...
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| Date June 22, 2015 |
Report No. R43014 |
Title
U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Trade Facilitation, Enforcement, and Security Updated June 22, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43014 U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Trade Facilitation, Enforcement, and Security Summary International trade is a critical component of the U.S. economy, with U.S. merchandise imports amounting to $2.4 trillion and exports to ...
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| Date June 22, 2015 |
Report No. R40122 |
Title
Federal Student Loans Made Under the Federal Family Education Loan Program and the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program: Terms and Conditions for Borrowers David P. Smole Specialist in Education Policy June 22, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40122 Federal Student Loans Made Under the FFEL and DL Programs: Terms and Conditions Summary The William D. Ford Federal ...
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| Date June 22, 2015 |
Report No. IN10298 |
Title
CRS Insights Hong Kong's Legislative Council Votes Down Chief Executive Election Reform Michael F. Martin, Specialist in Asian Affairs (mfmartin@crs.loc.gov, 7-2199) June 22, 2015 (IN10298) On June 18, Hong Kong's Legislative Council (Legco) defeated a proposal to reform the city's Chief Executive (CE) selection method by a vote of 28 to 8, dimming the prospects for election reforms in Hong Kong ...
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| Date June 19, 2015 |
Report No. R44081 |
Title
. Social Networking and Committee Communications: Use of Twitter and Facebook in the 113th Congress Jacob R. Straus Analyst on the Congress Matthew E. Glassman Analyst on the Congress June 19, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44081 Social Networking and Committee Communications . Summary Communications between congressional committees and constituents and stakeholder groups ...
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| Date June 19, 2015 |
Report No. R40621 |
Title
Farm-to-Food Price Dynamics -name redactedSpecialist in Agricultural Policy June 19, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R40621 Farm-to-Food Price Dynamics Summary Heightened commodity price volatility since 2008 driven by major market-shifting events, including increased demand for corn under strong federal biofuels incentives, a prolonged surge in China s soybean import demand ...
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| Date June 19, 2015 |
Report No. R44079 |
Title
Timeline Related to Health Insurance and Exchange Rules: Backdrop to King v. Burwell Bernadette Fernandez Specialist in Health Care Financing Annie L. Mach Analyst in Health Care Financing Namrata K. Uberoi Analyst in Health Care Financing June 19, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44079 Timeline Related to Health Insurance and Exchange Rules: Backdrop to King v. Burwell ...
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| Date June 19, 2015 |
Report No. IN10300 |
Title
CRS Insights Vietnam's Communist Party Chief to Make Historic First Visit to Washington Mark E. Manyin, Specialist in Asian Affairs (mmanyin@crs.loc.gov, 7-7653) June 19, 2015 (IN10300) In July 2015, the General Secretary of Vietnam's Communist Party (VCP), Nguyen Phu Trong, is expected to travel to Washington, DC. The visit would be the first-ever trip to the United States by a VCP General ...
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| Date June 19, 2015 |
Report No. IF10121 |
Title
June 19, 2015 The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Compliance and Penalties Background The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requires that renewable fuel be blended into the nation s transportation fuel supply. However, it does not explicitly require the production of biofuels. The mandate based on volume (in billions of gallons) increases annually from 9.0 billion gallons in 2008 to 36.0 billion ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. R43342 |
Title
The Medical Device Excise Tax: Economic Analysis Updated June 18, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43342 The Medical Device Excise Tax: Economic Analysis Summary The 2.3% medical device tax imposed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148) in 2010 was one of a number of additional revenue-raising provisions to finance health reform. This tax, which took ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. R44072 |
Title
Chinese Land Reclamation in the South China Sea: Implications and Policy Options Ben Dolven Specialist in Asian Affairs Jennifer K. Elsea Legislative Attorney Susan V. Lawrence Specialist in Asian Affairs Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Ian E. Rinehart Analyst in Asian Affairs June 18, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44072 Chinese Land Reclamation in the South ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. R43996 |
Title
Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Comparison of H.R. 1560 and H.R. 1731 as Passed by the House Eric A. Fischer Senior Specialist in Science and Technology Stephanie M. Logan Research Assistant June 18, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43996 Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Comparison of H.R. 1560 and H.R. 1731 Summary Effective sharing of information in ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. IF10243 |
Title
June 18, 2015 Civilian Federal Retirement: Current Law, Recent Changes, and Reform Proposals Current Law Most civilian federal workers hired before 1984 are covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Most civilian federal workers hired in 1984 or later are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Both CSRS and FERS require that employees make contributions and meet ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. IN10297 |
Title
CRS Insights South Carolina Church Shooting and Hate Crime in the United States Lisa N. Sacco, Analyst in Illicit Drugs and Crime Policy (lsacco@crs.loc.gov, 7-7359) Kristin Finklea, Specialist in Domestic Security (kfinklea@crs.loc.gov, 7-6259) June 18, 2015 (IN10297) Incident in South Carolina On June 17, 2015, a lone gunman shot and killed nine individuals in a predominantly black church in ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. IN10296 |
Title
CRS Insights Protecting Civil Aviation from Cyberattacks Bart Elias, Specialist in Aviation Policy (belias@crs.loc.gov, 7-7771) June 18, 2015 (IN10296) Cybersecurity is a growing concern for civil aviation, although the significance of reports in May that a computer security researcher hacked into aircraft control systems while flying as a passenger aboard commercial jets is still unclear. The ...
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| Date June 18, 2015 |
Report No. R43324 |
Title
Tribal Jurisdiction over Nonmembers: A Legal Overview -name redactedLegislative Attorney June 18, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43324 Tribal Jurisdiction over Nonmembers: A Legal Overview Summary Indian tribes are quasi-sovereign entities that enjoy all the sovereign powers that are not divested by Congress or inconsistent with the tribes dependence on the United States. ...
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| Date June 17, 2015 |
Report No. R43963 |
Title
DOE s Office of Science and the FY2016 Budget Request Heather B. Gonzalez Specialist in Science and Technology Policy June 17, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43963 DOE s Office of Science and the FY2016 Budget Request Summary The Department of Energy s Office of Science conducts basic research in six overarching program areas: advanced scientific computing research, basic ...
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