Date |
Report No. |
Title |
Date June 1, 2001 |
Report No. GAO-01-586 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
June 2001 Report to Congressional Committees DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES Critical Information Is Needed to Understand Program Impact GAO-01-586 Contents Letter Appendixes
Appendix I: 3 Section of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Requiring GAO’s Study 46 48 74 79 84 Appendix II: GAO’s Survey Instrument and Overall Results Appe... |
Date July 20, 2000 |
Report No. T-RCED-00-261 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
For Release on Delivery 9:30 a.m., EDT Thursday July 20, 2000 Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate SMALL BUSINESS Expectations of Firms in SBA’s 8(a) Program Are Not Being Met
Statement of Stanley J. Czerwinski, Associate Director, Housing and Community Development Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division... |
Date July 20, 2000 |
Report No. RCED-00-196 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
July 2000 Report to the Chairman, Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate SMALL BUSINESS SBA Could Better Focus Its 8(a) Program to Help Firms Obtain Contracts GAO/RCED-00-196 Contents Letter Appendixes
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 3 26 33 44 Appendix II: GAO’s Survey of 8(a) Firms Appendix III: Comments From the Small Business Admin... |
Date June 30, 2000 |
Report No. RCED-00-207R |
Title
United States General Accounting Office Washington, DC 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-285530 June 30, 2000 The Honorable Fred Thompson Chairman The Honorable Joseph I. Lieberman Ranking Minority Member Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate Subject: Observations on the Small Business Administration’s Fiscal Year 1999 Performance Report and Fiscal ... |
Date Aug. 1, 1997 |
Report No. IAP-97-9 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
August 1997 3 Resources, Communi~, and Economic Development Division Housing and community A;_ Development Issue Area Plm Fiscal Years 1996-98 As the investigative arm of the Congress and the nation’ auditor, the s General Accounting Office is charged with following the federal dollar wherever it goes. Reflecting stringent standards of objectivity and ... |
Date Sept. 18, 1996 |
Report No. T-RCED-96-259 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
For Release on Delivery Expected at 10 a.m. EDT Wednesday September 18, 1996 Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives SMALL BUSINESS Status of SBA’s 8(a) Minority Business Development Program
Statement of Judy A. England-Joseph, Director, Housing and Community Development Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Deve... |
Date Dec. 13, 1995 |
Report No. T-OSI-96-1 |
Title
United States General Accounting
I Offhze Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business,Houseof Representatives For Release on Delivery Expected at 9:30 a.m.,EST Wednesday December13,1995 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTIZATION CaseStudies Illustrate S(a) Program and Contractor Abuse
Statementof Donald J. Wheeler, Acting Director Office of Special Investigations GAO/T-OSI-96-l Madam Chair and Members of... |
Date July 14, 1995 |
Report No. RCED-95-244R |
Title
GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, Economic Development and Division B-261950 July 14, 1995 The Honorable Kweisi Mfume House of Representatives Dear Mr. Mfume: We recently reported on the results of our survey of construction firms’ experiences in getting surety bonds.’ We compared the experiences of minority-owned2 and womenowned firms wit... |
Date May 12, 1995 |
Report No. RCED-95-146FS |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
May 1995 Report to the Chair, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives SMALL BUSINESS Information on SBA’s Small Business Investment Company Programs GAO/RCED-95-146FS GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-261138 May 12, 1995 The Honorable Jan Meyers Cha... |
Date April 4, 1995 |
Report No. T-RCED-95-149 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, United StatesSenate For Release Delivery on Expectedat 10 am. EDT Tuesday April 4,1995 SMALL BUSINESS Status of SBA’ 8(a) Minoritys BusinessDevelopment Statementof Judy England-Joseph,Director, Housing and Community Development Issues, Resources,Community, and Economic Development Division Mr. Chairman and ... |
Date March 6, 1995 |
Report No. T-RCED-95-122 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives For Release on Delivery Expected at 2 p.m. EST LMonday March 6, 1995 SMALL BUSINESS Statusof SBA’ 8(a) Minority s BusinessDevelopment Program
Statementof hdy England-Joseph, Director Housing and Community Development Issues, Resources,Community, and Economic Development Division... |
Date Oct. 14, 1994 |
Report No. GGD-95-3FS |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
October 1994 Fact Sheet for the Honorable Joseph I. Lieberman and the Honorable Donald W. Riegle, Jr. U.S. GOVERNMENT AID TO BUSINESS Federal Programs That Provide Management and Technical Assistance GAO/GGD-95-3FS GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 General Government Division B-258607 October 14, 1994 The Honorable Joseph... |
Date Aug. 17, 1994 |
Report No. RCED-94-168 |
Title
Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-247934 August 17,1994 The Honorable Max S. Baucus Chairman The HonorabIe John H. Chafee Ranking Minority Member Committee on Environment and Public Works United States Senate The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Chairman The Honorable Bud Shuster Ranking Minority Member Committee on Public Works and Transportation House of Representatives In res... |
Date July 27, 1994 |
Report No. T-RCED-94-278 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, United States Senate For Releaseon Delivery Expectedat 2 pm. EDT Wednesday July 27. 1994 SMALL BUSINESS SBA Cannot Assessthe Successof Its Minority Business Development Program
Statement of Jacquelyn Williams-Bridgers, Associate Director Housing and Community Development Issues, Resources, Community, and Econ... |
Date June 30, 1994 |
Report No. GGD-94-114 |
Title
‘ . ; /. ‘ .. _. ‘ > ,/) _’ ‘ . “, GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 General Government Division B-257544 June 30,1994 The Honorable Donald W. Riegle, Jr. Chairman The Honorable Alfonse M. D’ Amato Ranking Minority Member Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs United States Senate The Honorable Henry B. Gonzalez Chairman The Honorable James... |
Date Nov. 3, 1993 |
Report No. GGD-94-1 |
Title
., ~. .. *:‘ ., ” ‘, ,‘ “, November 199-3 ..’ ‘ .:’ .“ ‘ . FINANCIAL : y INSTITUTIONS ,‘Status of Federal Efforts , to Preserve Minority ‘ Ownership . ,,’ _: . .’ . .
‘ ; :. . i. GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 General Government Division E-254636 November 3,1993 The Honorable John Conyers, Jr. Chairman, Committee on Government Opera... |
Date Sept. 17, 1993 |
Report No. RCED-93-145 |
Title
SP)‘l c~rlll,c~r~ 1!)!):I SMALL BUSINESS Problems Continue With SBAk Minority Business Developmen Program 111111 I
149988 -,,.Yli,.- RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting Office unless specifically approved by the Office of Congressional Relations. SS84y6 ,- RELEASED GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 Resources, Community, and Economic Deve... |
Date July 27, 1993 |
Report No. NSIAD-93-167 |
Title
GAO
.July 1993 Report to t,he Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Cornrnittee on Armed Services, House of IZrpresent;tt;ives MINORITY CONTRACTING DOD’ Reporting Does s Not Address Legislative Goal ------1 GAO/NSlAl)-!):I- Iti7 GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 National Security and International Affairs Division B-252726 July 27,1993 The Honor... |
Date May 19, 1993 |
Report No. GGD-93-106 |
Title
CORPORATION Status of Minority and Women Outreach and Contracting Program _____.,.___,_ --___” _-..._-_..__ ___.__.. _._._.l___.-l.__l”.._...-.. ..__---.-.-_ --..--.- ~ ______.-. -_...---..-- GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 General Government Division B-253242 May 19,1993 The Honorable John Conyers, Jr. Chairman, Committee on Government Operations House of Re... |
Date Jan. 19, 1993 |
Report No. RCED-93-89R |
Title
GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548
Resources, Community, Economic Development and Division B-247934 January19,1993 The Honorable William F. Goodling House of Representatives Dear Mr. Goodling: lllIIllIllllll
148389 This letter responds to concerns about the implementation of the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) Progra... |
Date Nov. 25, 1992 |
Report No. RCED-93-27 |
Title
NO\VIII~WI’ I!W RURAL CREDIT Availability of Credit for Agriculture, Rural Development, and Infrastructure 1111111 ll
148145
. RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting 6ffice unless specifically approved by the Office of Congressional Relations. 556039’ RELEASED - GAO United States General Accounting Of’ flce Washington, D.C. 20648 Resources, Community, and Economic Deve... |
Date Sept. 17, 1992 |
Report No. T-RCED-92-95 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives For Release on Delivery Expected at 10 a.m. EDT Thursday September 17, 1992 SMALL BUSINESS Federal Agencies’ Contracting Goals for Women-Owned Businesses
Statement of Judy A. England-Joseph, Director, Housing and Community Development Ts!ues, Resources, Community, and Economic Devel... |
Date Sept. 10, 1992 |
Report No. OSI-92-7 |
Title
. .: j ~,‘ l,... . 147559 ,; -,,. ,,.. .._. A,, ,_ : ‘ ,. ;‘ ,3’ Z’ .’ ,, ,I .,. ‘ I ,;; ‘ . .., ,,..., I’ ;, ., .r,, .’ . I, ,, ....’ : ,J:;. 1 ‘ -’ ,; .. .: b ,;,t., ,;,,I ,,.,:, , ,” I,,, .’ : ‘;,:a j . ,,, ., ,,. GAO United States General Accounting Offlce Washington, D.C. 20548 OfAce of Special Investigations B-245557 September 10, 1992 Recipients Congressional... |
Date Sept. 1, 1992 |
Report No. RCED-92-148 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office --e-p GAO
September 1992 Report to Congressional Requesters HIGHWAY CONTRACTING Disadvantaged Business Eligibility Guidance and Oversight Are Ineffective RESTRICTED--Not
General Accounting to be released outside the
Office unless approved by the Office of Congression Relations. 5ssa5 GAO/WED-92-148 GAO United States General Accounting OflIce Washington, D.C.... |
Date Sept. 1, 1992 |
Report No. NSIAD-92-304 |
Title
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT The Minority Shipping Program Is Constrained by Program Requirements
147430 ------ ---I.-___--. - ~- : GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 National Security and International Affairs Division B-2481 15 September 1, 1992 The Honorable John Conyers, Jr. Chairman, Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Dear Mr. C... |
Date July 28, 1992 |
Report No. RCED-92-185 |
Title
SMALL BUSINESS Efforts to Provide Federal Procurement Dollars to Women-Owned Businesses 111 Ill llllIlllll
147442 RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting Office unless specifically approved by the Office of CtiJgi7: * - c. . =-ml!! Relations. 55 49-E ^. ..__ .--.-.- . -..- ..___.. _.._ - ._-I I .._ _.__. -.- ...- --_-..-- ._.-^. ____. -- GAO United State8 General Accounting O... |
Date July 27, 1992 |
Report No. HRD-92-58FS |
Title
Ilrritctl St,wt,cs (Zc:llc?ral Acmunthg Officx tQ$ GAO .Fact Sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate _ ..-. -. .~. . ~. *,?p BLOCK GRANTS Increases in Set-Asides and Cost Ceilings Since 1982 lllllllllIllll ll
147106 United Statee General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 Human Resource... |
Date July 7, 1992 |
Report No. RCED-92-166 |
Title
1Juited States General Accounting Office GAO Report t-6 Congressional Committees “,..“I_ “.I _” -II_.---..“. ..-. ,,.__ .-..- SMALL BUSINESS Use of the Surety Bond Waiver Has Been Limited II II lllllll II
146996 __....._ .. .__. __ -,-.-I .._ ._.._.___. ._., .- -. __.. .-_-..- ..-. “. _ - GAO/lKXIb92-166 --_-- ~- GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resour... |
Date March 31, 1992 |
Report No. T-RCED-92-45 |
Title
United StatesGeneralAccouutiagOffke 14 WCJ L i Testimony
Before the Subcommittee on Innovation, Productivity, and Technology Committee on Small Business United States Senate
146401 For Releaseon Delivery Expectedat 9:00 a.m., EST Tuesday March 31,1992 ‘ FEDERAL RESEARCH Small BusinessInnovation ResearchProgram Shows Success Can Be but Strengthened
Statement of Jim Wells, Associate Director, Ener... |
Date March 19, 1992 |
Report No. NSIAD-92-130 |
Title
,.._........” _, _..__ _. ..- ..-- ____ .._. -..-__- --__-.- --.-...-.--M;rrdr I!)!)% ---- SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM Efforts to Increase Participation in State Department Cont:racts II Ill
146419 RESTRICTED--Not to be released outside the General Accounting Office unless specifically approved by the Office of Congressional Relations.
-_-.- ._.-__ ___ GAfWNSIAH-W-_---_ 130 55 %iY7 ,,
_-,- ,, .-- GAO... |
Date March 4, 1992 |
Report No. T-RCED-92-35 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
’ For Release on Delivery Expected at 9: 15 a.m. EST Wednesday March 4, I992 Testimony
Before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives SMALL BUSINESS The Small Business Administration’ s Progress in Restructuring Its 8(a) Business Development Program
Statement of Judy A. England-Joseph, Director, Housing and Community Development Iss... |
Date Feb. 26, 1992 |
Report No. T-RCED-92-32 |
Title
GAO
For Releaseon Delivery Expectedat 13%p.m., EDT Wednesday February 26, 1992 Testimony
Before the Subcommitteeon Technology and Competitiveness, Committee on Science,Space,and Technology House of Representatives FEDERAL RESEARCH Small BusinessInnovation ResearchProgram Shows Success Can Be But Strengthened
Statementof Keith 0. Fultz, Directo;, Planning and Reporting, Resources,Community, and Eco... |
Date Jan. 31, 1992 |
Report No. RCED-92-68 |
Title
United States General Accounting Office GAO
January 1992 Report to Congressional Committees /f6mo SMALL BUSINESS Problems in Restructuring SBA’ s Minority Business Development Program GAO/RCED-92-68 P 1 Notice: This is a reprint of a GAO report. GAO United States General Accounting Offke Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-246386 January 31,1992 The H... |
Date Sept. 27, 1991 |
Report No. GGD-91-138 |
Title
GAO Report to the Honorable Kweisi Mfume, House of Represctntatives RESOLUTION TRUST CORPORATION ! Progress Under Way in Minority- And WomenOwned Business Outreach Program I ulrll#l II UllN
145072 i -, GAo/(;(;I)-!) I -13N 1’ 1~ 41 ( “l.”., .“... .--.-...- ..-.-^... .__.____.___-.____ -_._. “-.._ . -_-..- --- .~.. I. “-I I_ . . .I l.l- ~...-_.--.-.l-..l” ._..- 111--- -.-.. --_.. ----... |
Date April 16, 1991 |
Report No. RCED-91-114 |
Title
..’ . . .. . .:.‘ .. .“‘Ii ‘ ., , .: .., . .(‘ . ..’ .~; : :, .. -.. -,, I . ..!a -. ..,‘ . .. :: ” +; : .- .>.I .:
.. I : |
Date June 27, 1990 |
Report No. RCED-90-157 |
Title
_ ..I __.__._. ^... _.- -- GAO
...^ . ,_ ,_ ._ . ..___.---.-.._ ..-.---.lll111’ I!)!)() TtiNSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE A Comparison of Federal and State Highway Laws - 14169 _“.,“_ .._ ._” .,. ,_-_. ..l.l ._-. _.~_ . ..-._ --._ -- .-- __ --. . .._._ .._. . ..-_ --. _.. _..-- ^_... - _.C. . ..---I_. _I-_- __-.-- r;/\c 1: ttt ‘1:1)-w- t 57 United States General Accounting Office Washington,... |
Date April 18, 1990 |
Report No. T-RCED-90-65 |
Title
United States General Accounting Of&e GAO Testimony For Release on Delivery Expected at 9:00 a.m. EDT Wednesday April 18, 1990 Development Centers SMALL BUSINESS: Counseling Needs of Most Clients Meet Statement of John M. Ols, Jr., Director Housing and Community Development Resources, Community, and Economic Division Before the Committee on Small Business United States Senate Issues Development GA... |
Date Jan. 19, 1990 |
Report No. RCED-90-69 |
Title
GAO
..-. --__ ~-_-.- . -.. .January 1990 MINORITY BUSINESS Management Improvements Needed at Minority Business Development Agency Resources, Community, Economic Development and Division B-237606 January 19,199O The Honorable Pete Wilson United States Senate The Honorable Ernest F. Hollings Chairman, Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation United States Senate The Honorable John F. Kerry ... |
Date Nov. 22, 1989 |
Report No. RCED-90-38BR |
Title
-t krnited _^.~ Statt*s General Accounting Office --. GAO
November 1989 Briefing Report to the Chairman, Committ.‘ee on Small Business, I!. S. Senate
---_- SMALL BUSINESS Development Centers Meet Counseling Needs of Most Clients GAO/RCED-90-38BR unit4?d GA!!0 states General Accounting Office Washington, DC. 20648 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-209790 November 22,1989 T... |
Date June 30, 1989 |
Report No. RCED-89-54 |
Title
Report to the Honorable Cardiss Collins, House of Representatives June 1989 FEDERAL ADVERTISING Federal Use of Small Disadvantaged Subcontractors Is
l l Mlnlmal _- . A 1 GAO,‘RCED-89-54 ::, , 1 Y GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, Economic Development and Division B-233281.2 June 30, 1989 The Honorable Cardiss Collins House of Representatives... |
Date May 19, 1989 |
Report No. RCED-89-68BR |
Title
,, I.. , ,.. / . -, ,. (-.a . . .‘ .‘,. .&T . I. I ,,v\ ,.p . ” * ,_ r , United States General Accounting Office TiJ GAO
May 1989 Briefing Report to the Chairman, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives SMA~LBUSINESS Profiles of Venture Capital Financing, 1983 Through 1987 GAO/RCED-89-68BR . GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community... |
Date Feb. 13, 1989 |
Report No. RCED-89-78 |
Title
February 1989 HIGHWAY CONTRACTS Federal-Aid Highway Contracts Awarded to Minority- and WomenOwned Businesses GAO/RCED-89-78 About Our New Cover... The new color of our report covers represents the latest step in GAO'S efforts to improve the presentation of our reports. GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, Economic Development and Division B-23133... |
Date Nov. 30, 1988 |
Report No. RCED-89-26 |
Title
GAO Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on ’ Water Resources, Transport,ation, and Infrastructure, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate HIGHWAY CONTRACTING Assessing Fraud and’ Abuse in FHWA’s Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program - GAO/ RCED-W-26 w!o dUnited States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20648 Resources, Commnnity, Economic Development and Division... |
Date Feb. 18, 1988 |
Report No. T-RCED-88-18 |
Title
CJnited States General Accounting Office Testimony For Release on Delivery Expected at
10:00 a.m. 18, ES% Review of SBA's 8(a) Procurement Program Thursday, February
1988 Statement of Associate John H. Luke, Resources, Community, Development Division Director and Economic Before the Business Committee or: Small United States Senate c-,+4\4\b
GAO/T-RCED-8818 GAOPorm16O(12/27) We appreciate consider... |
Date Nov. 19, 1986 |
Report No. RCED-87-46BR |
Title
United States General Accounting Office 36% Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters November 1986 MINORITY BUSINESS Awarding of Cooperative Agreement to Operate Development Centers II 131646 GAO/RCED-87-46BR 037Lt33 United States General Accounting Offlce Detroit Regional Office B-225146 November 19, 1986 Carl Levin Senate Donald W. Riegle, Senate Jr. Room 866 Patrick V. McNamara Federal Build... |
Date July 31, 1985 |
Report No. 127468 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY EXPECTED AT lo:00 A.M. JULY 31, 1985 STATEMENT OF OLIVER W. KRUEGER, SENIOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR RESOUQCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC DEVELO?MENT DIVISION BEFOQE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION SENATE COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS ON GAO'S QEPORTS ON THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S DISADVANTAGED ... |
Date March 15, 1985 |
Report No. RCED-85-31 |
Title
REPORT THEU. BY Ss General Accounting Office
Information On The Federal Highway Administration’s Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program
The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 requires that, unless otherwise authorized by the Secretary of Transportation, at least 10 percent of the federal-aid highway program funds expended by the states be awarded to small business concerns owned an... |
Date March 23, 1982 |
Report No. PLRD-82-58 |
Title
UNITEDSTATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 PROCUREM~. AND READINESS 1001sT1cs. DIVISION B-206599 MARCH 23,1982 The Honorable
Office Director, and Budget Dear Mr. David of A. Stockman Management Stocknan: Duplicate Programs (PLRD-82-58) to Identify Minority Businesses Subject: to bring to your attsntlon an area where We would like similar programs exist and may in fact produce du... |
Date Oct. 16, 1981 |
Report No. AFMD-82-9 |
Title
Report To The Chairman, Committee On Government Operations House Of Representatives OF THEUNITEDSTATES Misuse Of SBA’s 8(a) Program increased Cost For Many ADP Equipment Acquisitions
The Small Business Administration, under section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, gives noncompetitive Government contracts and other aid to socially and economically disadvantaged businesses to help them become self... |
Date Sept. 18, 1981 |
Report No. CED-81-151 |
Title
L 4 . IG37L ’ BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL ’ “’ Report To The Congress
OF THEUNITEDSTATES SBA’s Progress In Implementing The Public Law 95507 Subcontracting And Surety Bond Waiver Provisions Has Been Limited
The Small Business Administration, working with a Presidential Advisory Committee has not fully implemented the small business sub contracting provision. The committee has focused on .ob... |