Date |
Report No. |
Title |
Date Jan. 12, 1982 |
Report No. FPCD-82-15 |
Title
. : *
GENERAL OF THE
DC. UNITED STATES
20S48 II,SfB cOMP-,-ROLLER RELEASED
~mTr?rCTEB) WASHINGTON -f&d tQ b@ M~s~x! outside the General ~-205735 JANUARY l&1982 The Honorable Sam Gejdenson House of Representatives Dear Mr. Gejdenson: Subject: .; .Ex-Service Kember Eligibility Unemployment Compensation for f(FPCD-82-15) This responds to your September 15, 1981, request that we provide you with infor... |
Date Oct. 20, 1981 |
Report No. MASAD-82-5 |
Title
BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL Report.To The Congress
OF THEUNITEDSTATES Budgetary Pressures Created By The Army’ Plans To Procure New Major s Weapon Systems Are Just Beginning
The Army is now facing the problem of funding the procurement of all 14 of its new major weapon Recent experience has systems. shown that as new Army weapons begin production, procurement costs run considerably higher than anti... |
Date Sept. 30, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-70 |
Title
Comptro!ler General
OF THE UNITEDSTATES Variable H’ousing Allowance: Rate Setting Criteria And Procedures Need To Be Improved
Congress authorized the uniformed services to begin paying a variable housing allowance in October 1980, and it became an entitlement on September 30, 1981. The variable housing allowance is currently based on the amounts military members say they pay for housing. GAO dis... |
Date Sept. 23, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-72 |
Title
UNITEDSTATESGENERALACCOUNTIN(~ OFFICE
WASHINGTON. bin -Ph* +* D.C. 114. 20548 -Kn~alcf~ I ., FEDERAL PERSONNEL ANO COMPENSATION DIVISION - .-.._..-- SEPTEMBER 23,1981 B-204355 RELEASED !
~~~~1~1~~1Ill I I 116523 The Honorable Ted Weiss House of Representatives Dear Mr. Weiss: Staffing, Funding, (FPCD-81-72) and Use of Subject: Military Bands In response to your June 9, 1981, request, as modified w... |
Date July 28, 1981 |
Report No. AFMD-81-64 |
Title
WI, i 13 BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL Report ToThe Co
OF THEUNITEDSTATES Millions Written Off In Former Service Members’ Debts--Future Losses Can Be Cut
During fiscal 1977 through 1979, $67 million owed by former service members was written off by the military services as bad debts while only $19.8 million was collected. Defense can substantially reduce these losses in the future by --making sure th... |
Date July 23, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-62 |
Title
UNITED STATES.GEN_ERALACCOUNTING OFFICE
WASHlNGTOti, D.C. 20548 _ _ FEOCRAL PERSONNEL AND COMPIENSAT~~N DIVISION B-203776 JULY 23,lMf The Honorable The Secretary Attention: Dear Mr. Caspar W. Weinberger of Defense Assistant for Audit Reports Secretary: Followup on Actions To Improve Coordination iand Utilization of Human Resources 'Research and Development -I (FPCD-81-62) Subject: Investments in h... |
Date July 15, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-38 |
Title
Report To The Congress
OF THE UNITEDSTATES
Manpower Effectiveness The All-Volunteer Force Of Since adoption of the Total Force policy and the All-Votunteer Force, fundamental changes in manpower mobilization plans and capabilities have occurred. This report discusses various manpower problems which hamper the Nation’s mobilization capabilities in the event of a national emergency. As a result, G... |
Date June 24, 1981 |
Report No. HRD-81-67 |
Title
L. J /b -I’- 3 --5 7 i;c If” bk” THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL Report ToThe Congress
OF THEUNITEDSTATES Will There Be Enough Trained Medical Personnel In Case Of War?
The number and types of medical personnel in the military active duty and reserve forces fall far short of the total projected requirements for the current most-demanding wartime planning scenarios. Training of medical personnel in com... |
Date June 22, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-59 |
Title
. UNITED STATES GENERAL
WASHINGTON. ACCOUNTING
D.C. 20548 OFFICE E
> $ I FEDERAL PERSONNEL AND COMRNSATION DIVISION JUNE 22.1981 B-203647 The Honorable The Secretary Attention: Dear Mr. Caspar W. Weinberger of Defense Assistant for Audit Reports Secretary: Efforts Needed to Improve Morale, f-Additional Welfare, and Recreation Program Management 3 (FPCD-81-59) Subject: We recently looked at various... |
Date June 8, 1981 |
Report No. PLRD-81-20 |
Title
’ BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL . Report ToThe Congress
OF THEUNITEDSTATES improved Work Measurement Program Would Increase DOD Productivity
For years, ROD has tried to improve its depot managers’ use of work measurement systems to distribute resources, reduce personnel requirements, and lower costs. However, GAO found that many of DOD’s most serious work measurement problems continue to exist: -... |
Date June 1, 1981 |
Report No. 115377 |
Title
U.S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY Expected at 9:30 a.m. Monday, June 1, 1981 STATEMENTOF DR. KENNETH J. COFFEY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR (MILITARY) FEDERAL PERSONNELAND COMPENSATIONDIVISION BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEEON DEFENSE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS ON
-. 115377 THE~ROPOSED 14.3 MILITARY PAY Mr. Chairman PERCENT and Members of the Subcommittee: the opportunit... |
Date May 14, 1981 |
Report No. 115242 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY Expected at 9:00 a.m. May 14, 1981 STATEMENTOF CLIFFORD I. GOULD DIRECTOR FEDERAL PERSONNELAND COMPENSATIONDIVISION BEFORE THE SUBCOMMXTTEE ON CIVIL SERVICE, POST OFFICE, AND GENERAL SERVICES SENATE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS ON THEcCOST-OF-LIVING Mr. Chairman ALLOWANCEPROGRAMIN ALASKA Subcommittee: to di... |
Date April 30, 1981 |
Report No. C-MASAD-81-13 |
Title
UNCLASStFtED COMPTROLLER GENERAL'S REPORT TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEFENSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DIGEST -----a relatively inexpensive and Mine warfare, effective method of conducting naval warfare, consists of the control or denial of sea or harbor areas through the laying of minefields and countering enemy mine warfare by destroying GAO found or neutralizing their min... |
Date April 22, 1981 |
Report No. PLRD-81-19 |
Title
COMPTROLLER GENERAL
WASHiNGTON OF
D.C. THE UNITED STATES. 20648 B-202157 The Honorable John Tower Chairman, Committee on Armed Services United States Senate The Honorable Melvin Price Chairman, Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives This report is in response to concerns expressed by the Senate and House Committees on Armed Services in their conference reports on the Department of D... |
Date April 15, 1981 |
Report No. HRD-81-75 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTINGOFFICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 April The Nonarable John H. Moxley III Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) Dear Mr. Moxleyt Subject: 15, 1981 New Claim Forms and Changes in Administrative Procedures May Increase Improper CHAMPUS PaymentsT(HRD-81-75) In a March 16, 1979, letter to the Secretary of Defense (HRD-79-58), we reported that internal control proce... |
Date April 1, 1981 |
Report No. 090874 |
Title
4 .. I ~lll11lllflflflilillfllllllllll l
090874 April 1981 U.S. General Accounting Office O f f i c e of t h e G e n e r a l C o u n s e l
- -_ A t t a c h e d i s t h e s e c o n d r e v i s i o n (Change 2) t o t h e M i l i t a r y P e r s o n n e l Law Manual i s s u e d b y t h i s O f f i c e i n 1 9 7 8 . I t i n c l u d e s p e r t i n e n t Comptroller G e n e r a l d e c i s i o n s i s ... |
Date March 31, 1981 |
Report No. 114739 |
Title
. / U.S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY Expected at 1:00 p.m. March 31, 1981 Tuesday, STATEMENT OF DR. KENNETH J. COFFEY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR (MILITARY) FEDERAL PERSONNEL AND COMPENSATION DIVISION BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET GN ACROSS-TEE-BOARD PAY RAISES AND OTHER MILITARY MANPOWER ISSUES Mr . Chairman: I am pleased important and to appear before is... |
Date March 18, 1981 |
Report No. FPCD-81-37 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTINGOFFICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 CLDLIIAL PERSONNEL AND COMPLN8ATION DIVISION MARCH 18,198l B-202089 The Honorable The Secretary Dear Mr. John 0. Marsh, of the Army Jr. lllulIIlll a
114635 Secretary:
t Does Subject: -Army Decisionmaking Process Both Active and Reserve Components? J (FPCD-81-37) Include Total Force management involves decisionmaking that makes use of al... |
Date Dec. 31, 1980 |
Report No. FPCD-81-21 |
Title
. REPORT TkiEUS. BY p-3 1 I I General Accounting Office
Preliminary Analysis Of Military Compensation Systems In The United States And Five Other Countries
This study of the military pay systems and practices in the United States and five other countries--Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom--indicates that there are major differences among these countries. United States... |
Date Dec. 15, 1980 |
Report No. C-ID-81-2 |
Title
COMPTROLLER GENERAL'S REPORT TO THE Ce COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS c Hc"rsGsE REPRE;st;pm?lI'?II~6% OF DIGEST ------ c DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STILL PAYING SOME FOREIGN TAXES ": ..._.d (Since the early 1950s the Congress has expressed concern that the United States not pay taxes to foreign governments on defense activities overon Appropriations seas. In 1979, the House Committee noted that some tax ... |
Date Oct. 10, 1980 |
Report No. B-200170 |
Title
q~- COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
i s." WASHINGTON D.C 2iS48 -October 10, 1980 B-200170 The Honorable John D. Dingell, Chairman Subcomnittee on Energy and Power Catmittee on Interstate and Foreign Camierce House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: L /f/ ______- You have requested that(we review the legality of plans by the Department of Energy (Energy) to distribute $25 million it hol... |
Date Oct. 8, 1980 |
Report No. B-196258 |
Title
'4.- - -l.i 3 j GAO
United States General Accounting Office Washington, DC 20548 Office of General Counsel In Reply Refer to: B-196258 October 8, 1980 Mr. John J. McMahon, Jr. 1812 Westmoreland Street McLean, Virginia 22101 Dear Mr. McMahon: As you requested in our meeting of June 18, 1980, we have reviewed your total Government remuneration for 1975 to ascertain whether the amounts reported on yo... |
Date Oct. 2, 1980 |
Report No. 113435 |
Title
I U. S. General Accounting Office 20540 Washington, D.C. FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY Expected at 9:30 a.m. Thursday, October 2, 1980 Statement of H. L. Krieger, Director Personnel and Compensation Before the Benefits Service Federal Division Subcommittee on Compensation and Employee of the Committee on Post Office and Civil U.S. House of Representatives on The bnversion of Department of Defense Nonapp... |
Date Sept. 30, 1980 |
Report No. LCD-80-112 |
Title
‘OGlSTlCEAND COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION SEPTEMBER 30. 1980 B-200228 The Honorable James El. Hanley Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations Committee on Post Office and Civil Service House of Representatives The Honorable Herbert E. Harris II Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources Committee on Post Office and Civil Service House of Representatives Subject: ibnformation on Nilitary, Civilian, and... |
Date Sept. 18, 1980 |
Report No. FPCD-80-64 |
Title
B\f THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL Report ToThe Congress
OF THEUNITEDSTATES Flexible Management: A Must For Effective Armed Services Recruiting
Policy and resource allocation decisions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the service headquarters influence the success of recruiting programs in the armed services. This report analyzes management factors in the decisionmaking processes: The ability ... |
Date Sept. 2, 1980 |
Report No. FPCD-80-19 |
Title
BY -II--1E: cSXNERAL US. A.CCOUNT’ING OFFICE Report To The Secretary Of Defense
Better Administration Of The Military’s Article 15 Punishments For Minor Offenses Is Needed
Article 15 is the most frequently used means of punishment for minor offenses in the military* it is an important tool that commanders can use to deter misconduct, maintain discipline, and encourage service members to improv... |
Date Aug. 15, 1980 |
Report No. FPCD-80-78 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2b548 FEDERAL PWWONNLL AN0 COMCENSATlON DlVllllON B-199870 The Honorable Sam Nunn Chairman, Subcommittee on Manpower and 'Personnel Committee on Armed Services United States Senate Dear Mr. Chairman: Management c Recruiting TFPCD-80-78) in the Armed Services Subject: J -_ This is a report on a portion of our work which we have completed for ... |
Date April 28, 1980 |
Report No. 112213 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 FOR RELEASE ON DELIVERY EXPECTED AT 9:OO A.M. MONDAY, APRIL 28, 1980
112213 STATEMENT OF H. L. KRIEGER, DIRECTOR FEDERAL PERSONNEL AND COMPENSATION DIVISION HEARINGS BEFORE THE ci 0 CICOMPENSATION, PENSION,INSURANCESUBCOMMITTEE ON AFFAIRS AND MEMORIAL COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ON l- BILLS TO ... |
Date April 28, 1980 |
Report No. B-197698 |
Title
COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES i/ WASHINGTON, D.C. 2054e April 28, 1980
B-197698 The Honorable Clifford L. Alexander, Jr. The Secretary of the Army Dear Mr. Secretary: We refer to a letter dated January 25, 1980, from the Assistant Secretary for Installations, Logistics,
and Financial Management, requesting our concurrence in Lthe Army's proposed transfer of 4-t< military clothing sales ... |
Date Feb. 20, 1980 |
Report No. 111646 |
Title
UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 IL 13c The Honorable Robert B. Pirie, Jr. The Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) Dear Mr. Pirie: Fovement of Mail and Armed Forces lqccd 0 73 Through Diplomatic Channels ZJ We have completed our survey of the movement of mail through diplomatic and armed forces channels at various Far East locatio... |
Date Feb. 5, 1980 |
Report No. B-197059 |
Title
COMPTROI ER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 B-197059 FEB
The Honorable James M. Hanley Chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: 5 1980 s H.R. 5704 a bill to amend titles 5 You have requested our a hority to continue the and 37 of the United States Code to pr personnel during periods in which pay of Federal employees and mi... |
Date Feb. 5, 1980 |
Report No. B-197584 |
Title
COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTrON.-, D.C. 20548 B-197584 R77S The Honorable James Nf. Hanley Chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: You have requested our Comments on H. R. 5995, a bill to amend titles 5 and 37 of the United States Code to authorize t e pay of Federal employees and uniformed service personnel to be contin... |
Date Jan. 15, 1980 |
Report No. FPCD-80-13 |
Title
_‘ !\I 33y BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL
OF THE UNITEDSTATES 7%~ Report ToThe Congress
Military Discharge Policies And Practices Result In Wide Disparities: Congressional Review Is Needed
The military services characterize a member’s service by the type of discharge imposed at separation. Different philosophies and practices among the services for imposing and upgrading discharges have led to wide ... |
Date Dec. 11, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-80-6 |
Title
/ ‘%I ‘I,!# ,,, ,I /I( s7y UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING O~~fcti
WAStlNOSTON, D.C. 20548 DECEIWBER1t, 1979 B-183124 The Honorable I The Secretary Harold Brown c&Defense 'I Dear Mr. Secretary: 4-Estimates of Available Hours for Military Subject: b ersonnel in Wartime Distort Force Requiremerits and Planning (FPCD-80-6) I.7 -This concerns the policies of the services for estimatThese ing the ... |
Date Oct. 16, 1979 |
Report No. 110603 |
Title
UNITED 8TATES GENERALACCOUNTING OFFICE WABHINGTON,D.C. 20548 FOR RELEASEON DELIVERY Expected at 2800 p.m. Tuesday, October 16, 1979 STATEMENTOF d H. L. KRIEGER, DIRECTOR FEDERALPERSONNEL AND COMPENSATXON DIVISION BEFORETHE
(Jv |
Date Oct. 1, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-80-22 |
Title
, “STUDY THE STAFF it-It U.S. ES’ OF General Accounting Office
Managlng The Federal Work Force: Major Issues PAY -L .---.__. --3
WORK FORCE PLANNING EEO NETIREMENTAND DISABILITY PAYMENTS LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS FPCD-80-22 OCT. 1979 MILITARY MORALE, MANAGEMENT, AND JUSTICE FOREWORD The Federal Government employs about 2.8 million civilDirect ians and 2 million active duty military personnel.... |
Date Sept. 25, 1979 |
Report No. CED-79-92 |
Title
BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL n
OF THE UNITEDSTATES S Lower Grad d Military Personnel milies Are Not Suitably Housed But Should Be
The Department of Defense’s Family Housrng Program seeks to assure that mllltary person nel with dependents have surtable houslng and to construct mllltary family housing only when the community cannot provrde suitable, affordable housing Onbase housing, however, IS pro... |
Date July 30, 1979 |
Report No. LCD-79-226 |
Title
REPORT BY THE OF THE UNITED STATES The and were cover move House Committee on Merchant Marine Fisheries wanted to know if forwarders bidding rates that were high enough to their costs for making arrangements to military members’ household goods. Although GAO was not allowed to review the records of the low bidders, there is evidence that the rates may have been below cost, at least during the ea... |
Date July 11, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-54 |
Title
OF THEUNITED STATES In fiscal year 1978 the Congress limited the number of military personnel assigned to morale, welfare, and recreation activities. GAO found that the services met the congressional ceiling, and the reductions did not seriously affect these activities. The additional reduction for fiscal year 1979 should have little impact. The impact of future reductions can be alleviated by con... |
Date June 28, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-3 |
Title
BY THECOMPTRQLLERGENERAL 1 TO
OF-THEUNITEDSTATES Congress
Illlllllllllll lllll lllmlclllllll Ill Ill1
LM109757 he Individual Reserves Fill tion Needs?
A steady decline in the number of Individual Ready Reserves and Standby Reserves since the draft ended in 1973 could result in serious shortages of pretrained personnel if the Nation is to rely on them in the early stages of mobilization. The Office... |
Date June 11, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-23 |
Title
REPORTBYTHEU.S. L Illllull 11111 llm~ull
LM109592 vcmce Procedures
Surveys have shown that many members-$ _ the U.S. military services do not have confidence that grievance procedures available to ! ’ them are effective in resolving their problems. ! GAO’s assessment of the two principal grievance systems available to service members--the chain of command and Inspectors General-reveals shortco... |
Date May 17, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-40 |
Title
1 “Fi
p L
l REPORTBY THE U.S. I ing
etting People Into fter Mobilization During a full mobilization there will be large numbers of people reporting to the Active Forces from Reserve Components, as well as volunteers and inductees through the draft. The services’ ability to handle this influx is questionable as there may be a shortage of physicians to process inductees through the Armed Forces ... |
Date May 9, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-11 |
Title
OF THE UNITED STATES - Should Act ilitary n Principles
For 12 years, the military compensation system has been extensively analyzed by study groups that have proposed various changes. However, the Department of Defense, the military services, and the Office of Management and Budget have not been able to agree on the principles and policies which should guide the setting, adjusting, and monitoring ... |
Date May 1, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-10 |
Title
OF- THE UNITED STATES Defense Use Of Military Personnel In Industrial FacilitiesLargely Unnecessary And Very Expensive
In an earlier report GAO raised questions about the issues and costs of using military instead of civilian workers in an industrial environment. GAO recommended that the Secretary of Defense correct that particular situation and review all similar activities for potential reductio... |
Date April 23, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-50 |
Title
REPORTBY THE ~ Comptroller General
OF THE UNITEDSTATES Evaluation Of Defense’s Comments On A Critical Report: Were Transfers Of Army Pacific Support Functions ,Mismanaged?
7 In
an earlier report, v the Army’s retaining funded personnel spaces livcu after support functions employing the personnel were transferred to other services, which gained new personnel spaces for the increased workloads. ... |
Date March 30, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-78-52 |
Title
, BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL Report ToThe Congress*
OF THEUNITEDSTATES AWOL In The Military: A Serious And Costly Problem
Absence without leave is a breach of discipline which the military says cannot be tolerated in developing and maintaining an effective fighting force. But, during the 4 years ended June 30, 1977, the military services reported 608,000 AWOLs exceeding 24 hours which GAO estimates ... |
Date March 16, 1979 |
Report No. HRD-79-58 |
Title
UMTED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, DC. 20548 HUMAN RKSOUlCCQ OlVlSlON
B-133142 MARCH 46, 1979 The Honorable The Secretary Harold Brpwn of Defense Dear Mr. Secretary: We have surveyed internal control Civilian Health and Medical Program of (CHAMPUS) and have noted that they are vent ineligible persons from obtaining procedures used in the the Uniformed Services not adequate to preCH... |
Date Feb. 16, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-28 |
Title
* BY THECOMPTROLLERGENERAL dI I j Report To The Congress
OF THE UNITEDSTATES 4 2J High Cost Of Military Attrition Can Be Reduced
Over 444,000 persons entering the services during fiscal years 1974 through 1977 have been separated before completing their initial enlistments. The cost to the Government for this attrition was $5.2 billion, including benefits available to the servicemen after discharg... |
Date Feb. 16, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-1 |
Title
REPORTBYm US. ~~l~~~lll~l~~~
~1108622 General Accounting Office
. Military And Civilian M nagers Of Defense Manpower: Improvements Possible In ’ Their Experience, Training, And Rewards Volume I ,
Many dedicated, hard-working individuals, military and civilian, perform DOD ;manpower and personnel management functions wit hou t the expertise and effectiveness desired. Issues arising from use of de... |
Date Feb. 16, 1979 |
Report No. FPCD-79-1A |
Title
REPORTBYm US. ~~l~~~lll~l~~~
~1108622 General Accounting Office
. Military And Civilian M nagers Of Defense Manpower: Improvements Possible In ’ Their Experience, Training, And Rewards Volume I ,
Many dedicated, hard-working individuals, military and civilian, perform DOD ;manpower and personnel management functions wit hou t the expertise and effectiveness desired. Issues arising from use of de... |