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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RL34414 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Since enactment of the Refugee Act of 1980, the Immigration and Nationality Act has contained a designation for a group of children defined as unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs): refugee children in the United States under the age of 18, without a parent or close relative who is willing or able to care for them. The State Department identifies ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RL34123 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Family caregiving to older individuals in need of long-term care encompasses a wide range of activities, services, and supports. Caregiving can include assistance with personal care needs, such as bathing, dressing, and eating, as well as other activities necessary for independent living, such as shopping, medication management, and meal ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RL33683 |
Title
Courts Narrow McCarran-Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for Business of Insurance : Viability of State Action Doctrine as an Alternative -name redactedLegislative Attorney January 29, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL33683 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Courts Narrow McCarran-Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for Business of Insurance Summary ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. R40190 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (H.R. 7311), passed both the House and the Senate on December 10, 2008. The President signed it into law on December 23, 2008, P.L. 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044 (2008). Although much of the Wilberforce Act originated in H.R. 3887, most of its criminal provisions did not. ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. R40180 |
Title
Water Resources Issues in the 111th Congress Betsy A. Cody, Coordinator Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Nicole T. Carter Specialist in Natural Resources Policy H. Steven Hughes Analyst in Natural Resources Policy January 29, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40180 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Water Resources Issues in the ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RL32973 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In recent years, there has been increased attention paid to the political activities of churches. Churches and other houses of worship qualify for tax-exempt status as Internal Revenue Code 501(c)(3) organizations. Under the tax laws, these organizations may not participate in political campaign activity. Separate from the prohibition in the tax ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RL30889 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congress enacted the Consumer Credit Protection Act in 1969, answering President Johnson s call for consumer credit protection legislation. The original Act consisted of the Truth-in-Lending Act, which was aimed at closing an important gap in consumer information, as well as provisions restricting garnishment of wages and establishing the National ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. R40171 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In December of 2008, Congress unanimously enacted the Worker, Retiree, and Employer Recovery Act of 2008 (WRERA) (P.L. 110-455), which makes several technical corrections to the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-280) and contains provisions designed to help pension plans and plan participants weather the current economic downturn. This report ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RS22362 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001, which amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), high schools that receive federal funds must provide certain student contact information to military recruiters upon request and must allow recruiters to have the same access to students as employers and colleges. Because the 111th ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2009 |
Report No. RS20918 |
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Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress One way that federal law regulates groups participating in election activities is by requiring them to report information on such things as their contributions and expenditures. Reporting requirements are imposed on political organizations by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and political committees by the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA). Some ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2009 |
Report No. RL34452 |
Title
The Ensuring Continued Access to Student Loans Act of 2008 Updated January 28, 2009 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34452 The Ensuring Continued Access to Student Loans Act of 2008 Summary Federal student loans are made available under two major loan programs authorized under the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965, as amended: the Federal Family Education Loan ( ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2009 |
Report No. RL34207 |
Title
Crop Insurance and Disaster Assistance in the 2008 Farm Bill (name redacted) Section Research Manager (name redacted) Analyst in Agricultural Policy January 28, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34207 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Crop Insurance and Disaster Assistance in the 2008 Farm Bill Summary The federal government has relied ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2009 |
Report No. RL34501 |
Title
Alien Smuggling: Recent Legislative Developments Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney January 28, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34501 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Alien Smuggling: Recent Legislative Developments Summary The primary statutory provision proscribing alien smuggling is 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2009 |
Report No. RL33920 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Funding authorization for aviation programs set forth in Vision 100 Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act (P.L. 108-176) and authorization for taxes and fees that provide revenue for the aviation trust fund expired at the end of FY2007. While Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization legislation was considered during the 110th Congress ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2009 |
Report No. RS21416 |
Title
The President s Management Agenda: A Brief Introduction Updated January 27, 2009 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21416 The President's Management Agenda: A Brief Introduction Summary This report provides an overview of the President s Management Agenda, announced by former President George W. Bush in August 2001. The Agenda included five government-wide initiatives ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2009 |
Report No. RL34243 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the role of foreign assistance as a tool of foreign policy has come into sharper focus. The President elevated global development as a third pillar of national security, with defense and diplomacy, as articulated in the U.S. National Security Strategy of 2002, and reiterated in 2006. At the same ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2009 |
Report No. RL31979 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In 1993, Russia formally applied for accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Its application was taken up by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor organization of the GATT, in 1995. Russia s application has entered into its most significant phase as Russia negotiates with WTO members on the conditions for ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2009 |
Report No. R40174 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Existing international agreements relevant to broadcasting protections do not cover advancements in broadcasting technology that were not envisioned when they were concluded. Therefore, in 1998 the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) decided to negotiate and draft a new ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RL33828 |
Title
Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 110th Congress Updated January 26, 2009 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33828 Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 110th Congress Summary Over the past two decades, the Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides in terms of political and economic development, with regular free and fair ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RL34239 |
Title
Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill and the 2008 Farm Bill: A Side-by-Side Comparison -name redactedSpecialist in Agricultural Policy -name redactedSpecialist in Energy and Environmental Policy January 26, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL34239 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill and the ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RL34108 |
Title
U.S.-Peru Economic Relations and the U.S.Peru Trade Promotion Agreement Updated January 26, 2009 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34108 U.S.-Peru Economic Relations and the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement Summary The U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) is a comprehensive trade agreement that, upon implementation, eliminates tariffs and other barriers in ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RL33445 |
Title
The Proposed U.S.-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement -name redactedAnalyst in Asian Trade and Finance January 26, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL33445 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Proposed U.S.-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement Summary This report addresses the proposed U.S.-Malaysia free trade agreement (FTA). It provides an overview ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. R40163 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Congressional Review Act (CRA) establishes expedited procedures for Congress to disapprove regulations issued by Federal agencies. Disapproval under these procedures requires enactment of a joint resolution that has a specified text and is submitted within 60 days (excluding recesses) after Congress receives the regulation. For these disapproval ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RS22895 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress During recent election cycles, there has been controversy regarding the increased campaignrelated activity of 527 groups and to what extent they are regulated under federal law. The controversy stems from the intersection between the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), which regulates political committees, and Section 527 of the Internal Revenue ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RS22272 |
Title
. Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) regulates federal election activity, which is defined to include a public communication (i.e., a broadcast, cable, satellite, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mass mailing, or telephone bank communication made to the general public) or any other form of general public political advertising. ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RS22928 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Over the past year, crude oil prices have nearly doubled, reaching record levels, before falling below $40 dollars per barrel by the end of the year. In the 110th Congress, proposals included a number of legislative initiatives to increase domestic oil production. These proposals fell into two broad categories: (1) to open areas of the Outer ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2009 |
Report No. RL33067 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The United States has deployed long-range ballistic missiles in its strategic offensive nuclear forces for more than 40 years. In recent years, some have proposed that the United States deploy conventional warheads on these missiles. This would provide the United States with the ability to strike promptly anywhere in the world, regardless of the ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2009 |
Report No. RS22363 |
Title
Federal Voluntary Voting System Guidelines: Issues (name redacted) Senior Specialist in Science and Technology January 23, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RS22363 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Federal Voluntary Voting System Guidelines: Issues Summary The federal Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) are a set of technical ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2009 |
Report No. RL32657 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In order to enter or remain in the United States and be eligible for various immigration-related benefits, non-citizens (aliens) must comply with a number of document requirements under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Attempts to circumvent these requirements are generally prohibited. Under the INA, an alien who uses, acquires, or ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2009 |
Report No. RL33662 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The War Crimes Act of 1996, as amended, makes it a criminal offense to commit certain violations of the law of war when such offenses are committed by or against U.S. nationals or Armed Service members. Among other things, the act prohibits certain violations of Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which sets out minimum standards for ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2009 |
Report No. R40149 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Broadband network deployment projects represent large scale, long term investments that affect the overall productivity of economic activity in the geographic areas in which they are built, and thus fit the conventional definition of infrastructure. But they also have several characteristics that distinguish them from traditional infrastructure ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2009 |
Report No. R40162 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Recently, financial challenges have compelled a number of publishers of periodicals (e.g., magazines and newspapers) to downsize their operations and to cease printing certain publications. To cite just two examples Time Inc. has said it will cut 600 jobs, and the centuryold Christian Science Monitor newspaper, which is delivered via U.S. mail five ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2009 |
Report No. RL34036 |
Title
~ -~~~~ Rese~rch Congressional ~Servlce ----------------------------------------- Dairy Policy and the 2008 Farm Bill Ralph M. Chite Section Research Manager Dennis A. Shields Analyst in Agricultural Policy January 22, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34036 CRS Report for Congress ---------------------------------------Prepared fo/' Afembe/'s and Committees 0/ Congress ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2009 |
Report No. RL32713 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The 110th Congress maintained an interest in the situation of Afro-Latinos in Latin America, particularly the plight of Afro-Colombians affected by the armed conflict in Colombia. In recent years, people of African descent in the Spanish-and Portuguese-speaking nations of Latin America also known as Afro-Latinos have been pushing for increased ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2009 |
Report No. RL33022 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), provides health care for eligible American Indians/Alaskan Natives through a system of programs and facilities located on or near Indian reservations and in certain urban areas. The IHS health delivery program is organized into 12 regional area offices ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2009 |
Report No. RL34218 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress This report answers frequently asked questions about the geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2). The questions are broadly representative of typical inquiries regarding the process and mechanics of storing CO2 underground, how much might be stored, and what might happen to CO2 once it is injected underground. Geologic sequestration is one ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2009 |
Report No. RL32276 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) requires signatory parties to take measures to end torture within their territorial jurisdictions. For purposes of the Convention, torture is defined as an extreme form of cruel and inhuman punishment committed under the color of law. ...
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| Date Jan. 16, 2009 |
Report No. R40112 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress On November 15, 2008, President-elect Barack Obama announced during his weekly radio address that the nation was facing the greatest economic challenge of our time and that he would work with Congress to design a two-year economic recovery plan with the goal of creating 2 million jobs rebuilding our crumbling roads, bridges, and schools. As ...
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| Date Jan. 16, 2009 |
Report No. R40146 |
Title
Discriminatory Pricing and the Robinson-Patman Act: Brief Background and Analysis -name redactedLegislative Attorney January 16, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R40146 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Discriminatory Pricing and the Robinson-Patman Act: Brief Background and Analysis Summary The Robinson-Patman (R-P) Act, 15 U.S.C. 13, ...
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| Date Jan. 16, 2009 |
Report No. RL34126 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congress has expressed its concern with rural communities most directly through periodic omnibus farm bill legislation, most recently in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246). Congress uses periodic farm bills to address emerging rural issues as well as to reauthorize and/or amend a wide range of rural programs administered ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RL33917 |
Title
Forestry in the 2008 Farm Bill -name redactedAnalyst in Natural Resources Policy January 15, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL33917 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Forestry in the 2008 Farm Bill Summary The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 farm bill) became law P.L. 110-246 when the House and Senate voted to ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RL34336 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are investment funds owned and managed by national governments. Such funds currently manage between $1.9 and $2.9 trillion and are expected to grow to over $10 trillion by 2015. This is due to the rapid growth of commodity prices and large trade surpluses in several emerging market economies. Beginning in 2007, interest ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RL32480 |
Title
Immigration Consequences of Criminal Activity Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney January 15, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32480 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Immigration Consequences of Criminal Activity Summary Congress has broad plenary authority to determine classes of aliens who may be admitted into the United States ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RS22773 |
Title
Sanctuary Cities : Legal Issues Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney January 15, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22773 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Sanctuary Cities : Legal Issues Summary Controversy has arisen over the existence of so-called sanctuary cities. The term sanctuary city is not defined by federal law, but it is ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. R40134 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA, Division A of H.R. 1424, P.L. 110-343) empowers the Secretary of the Treasury to act to stabilize the economy. Should the Secretary wish to have more than $350 billion outstanding under the program, the President must submit a written report to Congress detailing the Secretary s request and his ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. 95-724 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Constitution protects a woman s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. In a companion case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), the Court held further that a state may not unduly burden a woman s fundamental right to abortion by prohibiting or substantially ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RL34640 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Today there is wide agreement on the need for stronger measures to control ballast water discharges from vessels which are a major pathway for introduction of invasive species into U.S. waters, but there are differing views on how best to do that. Current federal authority to manage ballast water, in the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2009 |
Report No. RS22622 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Over the past several decades, a series of lawsuits have challenged funding disparities that exist among school districts within the states. Spurred by concerns that such disparities discriminated against students in poor school districts or resulted in an inadequate education, school finance plaintiffs began filing lawsuits in federal and state ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2009 |
Report No. RL33616 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Congress has focused considerable attention on how intelligence is collected, analyzed, and disseminated in order to protect the homeland against terrorist threats. Prior to 9/11, it was possible to make a distinction between domestic intelligence primarily law enforcement information collected within the United ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2009 |
Report No. R40129 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress his report shows FY2009 federal State Children s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) allotments as provided under current law as well as projected federal SCHIP allotments under the Children s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA 2009), as introduced in the House (H.R. 2) and prepared for expedited floor consideration by the ...
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