Defense Primer: Quantum Technology (CRS Report for Congress)
| Release Date |
Revised Nov. 4, 2024 |
| Report Number |
IF11836 |
| Report Type |
In Focus |
| Authors |
Kelley M. Sayler |
| Source Agency |
Congressional Research Service |
| Older Revisions |
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Summary:
Quantum technology translates the principles of quantum
physics into technological applications. In general, quantum
technology has not yet reached maturity; however, it could
hold significant implications for the future of military
sensing, encryption, and communications, as well as for
congressional oversight, authorizations, and appropriations.
Quantum applications rely on a number of key concepts,
including superposition, quantum bits (qubits), and
entanglement. Superposition refers to the ability of quantum
systems to exist in two or more states simultaneously. A
qubit is a computing unit that leverages the principle of
superposition to encode information. (A classical computer
encodes information in bits that can represent binary states
of either 0 or 1, whereas a quantum computer encodes
information in qubits, each of which can represent 0, 1, or a
combination of 0 and 1 at the same time. Thus, the power of
a quantum computer increases exponentially with the
addition of each qubit.)
Entanglement is defined by the National Academy of
Sciences (NAS) as a property in which “two or more
quantum objects in a system can be intrinsically linked such
that measurement of one dictates the possible measurement
outcomes for another, regardless of how far apart the two
objects are.” Entanglement underpins a number of potential
military applications of quantum technology. Both
superposition and entanglement are, however, difficult to
sustain due to the fragility of quantum states, which can be
disrupted by minute movements, changes in temperature, or
other environmental factors.
