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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10521 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Defense Primer: Command and Control of Nuclear Forces The U.S. President has sole authority to authorize the use of U.S. nuclear weapons. This authority is inherent in his constitutional role as Commander in Chief. The President can seek counsel from his military advisors; those advisors are then required to transmit and implement the orders authorizing nuclear use. But, as ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10590 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding The Work of Child Welfare Agencies Children depend on adults usually their parents to protect and support them. The broadest mission of public child welfare agencies is to strengthen families so that children can depend on their parents to provide them with a safe and loving home. More specifically, child welfare agencies ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10767 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Farm Credit Administration and Its Board Members Overview Congress oversees the Farm Credit Administration (FCA), which is the federal financial regulator responsible for ensuring the safety and soundness of Farm Credit System (FCS) institutions and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac). FCA is directed by a threemember board of directors nominated by the ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12397 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 U.S. Army s Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System Background Figure 1. M-SHORAD Increment I The Army is developing a new maneuver short-range air defense system, or M-SHORAD to perform short-range air defense, or SHORAD. The Army defines the SHORAD mission as [d]edicated air defense artillery (ADA) and nondedicated air defense capabilities that enable movement and ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12421 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 The U.S. Army s Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) System Background Protecting high-value military sites against enemy cruise missile (CM), unmanned aerial system (UAS), and rocket, artillery, and mortar (RAM) attacks has long been an important consideration in protecting military forces. According to the U.S. Army, the Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12510 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 1979, weeks after the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China) established diplomatic relations, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and PRC leader Deng Xiaoping signed the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement (STA), the first major agreement between the two governments. ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12362 |
Title
INSIGHTi Regulation of Data Brokers: Executive Order 14117 on Preventing Access to Americans Sensitive Data by Countries of Concern May 16, 2024 In February 2024, the Biden Administration issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14117 Preventing Access to Americans Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern. E.O. 14117 authorizes the Attorney General, in ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11165 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disrupting Botnets: An Overview of Seizure Warrants and Other Legal Tools May 16, 2024 In January and February 2024, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced the disruption of two different foreign-state-sponsored botnets. The term botnet is a portmanteau of robot and network. It generally refers to a network of computers and computerized devices infected with malware (i.e., ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11859 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 The Army s M-10 Booker (Formerly Known as Mobile Protected Firepower [MPF]) System What Is the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System? The Army s MPF system is intended to address an operational shortfall in infantry units: Currently the Army s Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCT) do not have a combat vehicle assigned that is capable of providing mobile, protected, direct, ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12653 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Dairy Herds The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed a strain (H5N1) of highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI) in dairy herds in Texas and Kansas on March 25, 2024. To date, HPAI has been confirmed in 42 dairy herds in ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12668 |
Title
May 15, 2024 The U.S. Army s Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems The U.S. Army is acquiring a family of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) for ground maneuver elements at the battalion level and below to provide real-time reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) capabilities. For the past two decades, this role was largely filled by the AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven (Figure 1). On ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN11748 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Access to Taxpayer Data and Recent Legislation (S. 3154 and H.R. 7906) Updated May 15, 2024 Legislation introduced in the Senate (S. 3154, on October 26, 2023) and the House (H.R. 7906, on April 9, 2024) contains a proposal related to Child Support Enforcement (CSE) access to federal taxpayer data. This proposal would seek to provide tribal CSE ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN12358 |
Title
INSIGHTi Potential Disapproval of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121 Under the Congressional Review Act May 15, 2024 A growing number of firms are providing platforms for crypto transactions, which has prompted the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to consider how crypto exposures should be treated. Many of these firms safeguard the platform users crypto assets and maintain crypto keys ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11526 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 U.S.-Kenya Trade Negotiations The United States and Kenya began free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations in 2020 under then-President Donald Trump and then-President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya. The Joseph R. Biden Administration did not continue the FTA talks; it instead launched the U.S.-Kenya Strategic Trade and Investment Partnership (STIP) in July 2022. STIP aims to establish ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12473 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 U.S.-China Competition in Emerging Technologies: LiDAR The governments of the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) have both identified strategic and emerging technologies as a key element of economic competitiveness and national defense. Efforts to lead in such technologies are a core aspect of U.S.-China strategic competition. Some emerging ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN12361 |
Title
INSIGHTi The June 2024 European Parliament Elections: A Preview May 15, 2024 The 27 member states of the European Union (EU) are scheduled to hold elections for the 720 members of the next European Parliament (EP) between June 6 and 9, 2024. The only directly elected EU institution, the EP represents the bloc s nearly 450 million citizens and has a role in approving most EU legislation. As the EP ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12437 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) In August 2022, Congress enacted P.L. 117-169, popularly known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Among its funding provisions, the law provided approximately $4.6 billion in mandatory appropriations for four new authorities of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R41759 |
Title
Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41759 Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources Summary When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority after the expiration of either full-year or interim appropriations, they experience a funding gap. Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1341 et seq. ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48066 |
Title
The Role of Earmarks in SRF Appropriations in the 118th Congress May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48066 SUMMARY The Role of Earmarks in SRF Appropriations in the 118th Congress R48066 May 15, 2024 Elena H. Humphreys Analyst in Environmental The condition of the nation s drinking water and wastewater systems continues to garner Policy congressional ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47553 |
Title
Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47553 SUMMARY R47553 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations May 15, 2024 The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill funds civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47688 |
Title
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2024 State of Play Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47688 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2024 State of Play Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Quick Summary ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12200 |
Title
Updated May 14, 2024 The U.S. Marine Corps Marine Littoral Regiment (MLR) Background MLR Employment On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative planned to occur over 10 years originally referred to as Force Design 2030 but now known as Force Design. As part of this initiative, the Marines are redesigning forces to place a stronger emphasis on naval ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12430 |
Title
Updated May 14, 2024 Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms The Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF) program helps U.S. firms impacted by import competition to improve their global competitiveness. TAAF is administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce s Economic Development Administration (EDA). On July 1, 2022, TAAF termination provisions took effect, meaning EDA cannot accept new ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12517 |
Title
Updated May 14, 2024 U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement On March 28, 2023, the United States and Japan signed a critical minerals agreement (CMA) covering five key minerals related to the production of batteries for clean vehicles (commonly referred to as electric vehicles or EVs ). The U.S.-Japan CMA entered into force immediately upon signature. The CMA seeks to address Japan s concerns ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12018 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Small Business Contracting Goals Updated May 14, 2024 Origins Since 1988, the federal government has maintained annual goals for small and small disadvantaged business participation in federal contracting. At that time, Congress required that small businesses receive not less than 20 percent of the total value of all prime contract awards for each fiscal year and that small ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10482 |
Title
Legal Sidebari State Marijuana Legalization and Federal Drug Law: A Brief Overview for Congress Updated May 14, 2024 State marijuana laws have changed significantly in recent years, and federal law appears poised to change in the coming months. At the state level, many states have enacted laws authorizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes. A smaller but growing number of states have also ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12359 |
Title
U.S. Review of an Arms Sale to Israel: Issues for Congress May 14, 2024 Overview In May 2024, U.S. officials confirmed reports that the Biden Administration is reviewing some near-term security assistance for Israel and has paused a shipment of 2,000-pound bombs and 500-pound bombs based on concern about their potential use in the city of Rafah, Gaza. The Administration s action comes after ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12360 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s War in Ukraine: Status Update May 14, 2024 Overview As Russia s war in Ukraine enters its third year, both Ukraine and Russia continue to battle for territory along the 600-mile front line. At various points in the conflict, the advantage has shifted between Ukraine and Russia, but since the beginning of 2024 Russian forces have made territorial gains, prompting some analysts to ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF10238 |
Title
Updated May 14, 2024 Cambodia Overview: U.S.-Cambodia Relations U.S.-Cambodia relations have become strained during the past decade, after former Prime Minister Hun Sen banned the main opposition party in 2017 and as Cambodia s relationship with the People s Republic of China (PRC) has grown closer. The U.S. government has sought to remain engaged with Cambodia while calling on the Cambodian ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10694 |
Title
Funding Limits on Federal Prosecutions of State-Legal Medical Marijuana Updated May 14, 2024 Federal law generally prohibits the production, distribution, and possession of marijuana for both medical and recreational purposes. In April 2024, news outlets reported that the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) planned to change the status of marijuana under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) by ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. R47226 |
Title
Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues Updated May 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47226 SUMMARY Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues R47226 May 14, 2024 R. Corinne Blackford Analyst in Small Business and Economic Development ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF10523 |
Title
Updated May 14, 2024 Defense Primer: Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (USD(I&S)) is a civilian official, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, who reports directly to the Secretary of Defense. The USD(I&S) is the Principal Staff Assistant and advisor to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. R45576 |
Title
An Overview of Small Business Contracting Updated May 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45576 SUMMARY An Overview of Small Business Contracting Congress has broad authority to impact the federal procurement process and how agencies purchase goods and services from private sector firms. One way in which Congress has exercised this authority is by adopting ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. R45997 |
Title
Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function Updated May 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45997 SUMMARY Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Structural Features and Function This report describes the structure, activities, legislative history, and funding history of the eight federal regional commissions and ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11471 |
Title
Updated May 13, 2024 Central Bank Digital Currencies Policymakers have debated whether the Federal Reserve (Fed) should create a central bank digital currency (CBDC) a digital dollar. A CBDC would share some of the features of cryptocurrencies (crypto) that is, private digital currencies such as Bitcoin, which are unsupported by any government authority. Although no major central bank has formally ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11582 |
Title
Updated May 13, 2024 Section 301 Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China In 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) determined, pursuant to an investigation under Section 301 (Title III of the Trade Act of 1974, 19 U.S.C. 2411-2420), that China s acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property (IP), and innovation were unreasonable or discriminatory and ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11346 |
Title
Updated May 13, 2024 Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 grants the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) a range of responsibilities and authorities to investigate and take action to enforce U.S. rights under trade agreements and respond to certain foreign trade practices. Prior to the Trump Administration and since the establishment of the ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12666 |
Title
May 13, 2024 Section 301 Investigation: China s Maritime, Shipbuilding, and Logistics Policies On April 17, 2024, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced that it had initiated a new investigation pursuant to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. This investigation focuses on the acts, policies, and practices of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) that USTR ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12667 |
Title
May 13, 2024 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2025 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency in the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; share that information; and conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. NOAA ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11164 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 6 May 12, 2024) May 13, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. R42035 |
Title
Social Security Primer Updated May 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42035 SUMMARY Social Security Primer Social Security provides monthly cash benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family members, and to the family members of deceased workers. Among the beneficiary population, 85.9% are retired or disabled workers; family members of retired, ...
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| Date May 13, 2024 |
Report No. R48065 |
Title
Congressional Recognition of Commemorative Days, Weeks, and Months: Background and Current Practice May 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48065 SUMMARY Congressional Recognition of Commemorative Days, Weeks, and Months: Background and Current Practice R48065 May 13, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress In each Congress, Members typically introduce ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF10422 |
Title
Updated May 10, 2024 Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) Reductions The Medicaid statute requires states to make disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments to hospitals treating large numbers of low-income patients. This provision is intended to recognize the disadvantaged financial situation of those hospitals because low-income patients are more likely to be uninsured or Medicaid ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF10703 |
Title
Updated May 10, 2024 Lebanese Hezbollah Hezbollah ( Party of God, also spelled Hizballah) is an Iran-backed Lebanese Shia militia and U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). Hezbollah is an Iranian partner force, helping Tehran project power across the region, train allied militias (reportedly including Hamas), and threaten U.S. interests and allies across the region. Formed in the ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF12480 |
Title
Updated May 10, 2024 The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional (EAP) Employees The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes a federal minimum wage for most private and public sector employees and generally requires overtime compensation at a rate of one and one-half times an employee s regular hourly rate for hours worked beyond a forty-hour ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R41330 |
Title
National Monuments and the Antiquities Act Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41330 SUMMARY National Monuments and the Antiquities Act The Antiquities Act of 1906 (54 U.S.C. 320301-320303) authorizes the President to proclaim national monuments on federal lands that contain historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, or other objects ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48044 |
Title
Taiwan Defense Issues for Congress Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48044 SUMMARY Taiwan Defense Issues for Congress U.S. policy toward Taiwan has long prioritized the maintenance of peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. The People s Republic of China (PRC) claims Taiwan as its territory and has not renounced the use of force to annex it. ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48064 |
Title
Considerations for Federal Leasing of Onshore Energy: Oil and Gas and Geothermal Power May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48064 SUMMARY Considerations for Federal Leasing of Onshore Energy: Oil and Gas and Geothermal Power Both oil and gas (O&G) and geothermal power are longstanding energy sectors for the United States. The two sectors have many similar ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47470 |
Title
Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47470 SUMMARY Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 118th Congress (2023-2024) as of May 10, 2024, or at the beginning of the 118th Congress (January 3, 2023), where noted. Statistical information is included ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. RS22478 |
Title
Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22478 Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Summary Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types ...
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