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Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41253 Summary Self-employment is one potential pathway to exit a spell of unemployment. The regular Unemployment Compensation (UC) program generally requires unemployed workers to be actively seeking work and to be available for wage and salary jobs as a condition of eligibility for UC benefits. These requirements constitute a barrier to self-employment and small business creation for unemployed workers who need income support. The Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) program, however, provides an avenue for combining income support during periods of unemployment with activities related to starting one's own business. Thus, within the joint federal-state UC program, the SEA program focuses on the reemployment of UC beneficiaries. State SEA programs help unemployed workers generate their own jobs through small business creation. SEA waives state UC work search requirements for those individuals who are working full time to establish their own small businesses. SEA provides a weekly allowance in the same amount and for the same duration as regular UC benefits. It is available only to individuals who would otherwise be entitled to UC benefits and have been determined likely to exhaust their UC benefits. Despite the unique configuration of SEA, which pairs self-employment activities and income support, participation in the program by states as well as unemployed workers is limited. Currently, only six states have active SEA programs for UC claimants, and in one of these states—New York—authorization for the SEA program is scheduled to expire December 7, 2015. In part, the small-scale nature of the program is likely due to the authorizing legislation requirement that SEA be budget neutral; that is, no UC funds may be used to provide self-employment training. P.L. 103-182, the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, created the SEA program on December 8, 1993. It was permanently authorized by P.L. 105-306, the Noncitizen Benefit Clarification and Other Technical Amendments Act, which was signed on October 28, 1998. Like the rest of UC, the SEA program is financed by federal taxes under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) and by state payroll taxes under the State Unemployment Tax Acts (SUTA). Most recently, provisions in P.L. 112-96, the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, gave states the authority to expand SEA participation to certain claimants in the Extended Benefit (EB) and temporary, now-expired Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08) programs. Contents The Self-Employment Assistance Program 1 SEA Eligibility for UC Claimants 2 SEA Amount, Duration, and Program Interaction for UC Claimants 2 State Availability of SEA for UC Claimants 3 Barriers to Participation in SEA for UC Claimants 3 State-Level Barriers 3 Individual-Level Barriers 4 SEA Expansion Under P.L. 112-96 5 Assessment of SEA Programs 6 Tables Table 1. States with SEA Programs for UC Claimants 3 Table 2. Number of Recent Participants in the Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) Program for UC Claimants, by State, 2000-2013 4 Contacts Author Contact Information 7 The Self-Employment Assistance Program In 2012, 9.5 million workers were self-employed, making up 6.7% of all workers. Yet the joint federal-state Unemployment Compensation (UC) program does not provide benefits to the self-employed. To be eligible for UC benefits, individuals generally must be able, available, and actively seeking work in wage and salary jobs. The Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) program offers an exception to this eligibility framework. It pays a weekly SEA allowance, which is identical in amount and duration to what an individual would have received as a regular UC benefit. Unlike regular UC, however, SEA waives state requirements that individuals be actively searching for wage and salary jobs. Instead, UC-eligible individuals participate in self-employment activities and must meet additional requirements, including being determined likely to exhaust their UC benefits. SEA allowances are available to individuals who are eligible for unemployment benefits and who meet certain other requirements. SEA is one of three programs operating within UC that focuses on the reemployment of UC beneficiaries. The other two UC reemployment service programs include the Short-Term Compensation (STC) program and the Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS) program. In participating states, STC programs provide pro-rated unemployment benefits to workers whose hours have been reduced in lieu of a layoff, thereby retaining workers. WPRS requires all states to establish systems to identify UC claimants likely to exhaust benefits and refer them to various types of reemployment services (e.g., orientation, assessment, counseling, placement services, a job search workshop, and referral to training). Thus, in addition to the job-sharing of STC and the profiling of WPRS, SEA attempts to reemploy UC beneficiaries through self-employment. Although SEA offers this alternative route out of unemployment, participation in the program by states and unemployed workers is low, partly as a result of a budget neutrality requirement. P.L. 103-182, the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, created the SEA program in 1993. P.L. 105-306, the Noncitizen Benefit Clarification and Other Technical Amendments Act of 1998, made the program permanent. The SEA program is financed—as is the case with UC, in general—by federal taxes on employers under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) and by state payroll taxes on employers under the State Unemployment Tax Acts (SUTA). The operation of SEA programs in states may not cost more than what would have been spent if a state had not participated in the program (i.e., budget neutrality). Moreover, the number of individuals participating in the SEA program in states may not exceed 5% of all UC beneficiaries. P.L. 112-96, the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, authorized the expansion of SEA to permit states to set up SEA programs available to certain claimants in the Extended Benefit (EB) and temporary, now-expired Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08) programs. P.L. 112-96 also provided $35 million in grants to states for FY2012 and FY2013 for the purposes of establishing or improving administration of SEA programs for regular UC, EB, or EUC08 claimants as well as promoting and enrolling eligible individuals. SEA Eligibility for UC Claimants To participate in a state SEA program, workers do not need to be actively searching for jobs. Rather, SEA beneficiaries must engage in full-time activities related to the establishment of a business and becoming self-employed. To be eligible for a SEA allowance, workers must meet the following requirements: Eligible for UC Permanently laid off from previous job Identified as likely to exhaust UC benefits Participating in self-employment activities including entrepreneurial training, business counseling, and technical assistance States identify UC claimants likely to exhaust benefits through the same worker profiling mechanism used in the WPRS program. As described above, the WPRS program establishes a targeting system to deliver a variety of reemployment services to unemployed workers deemed at risk of benefit exhaustion. SEA Amount, Duration, and Program Interaction for UC Claimants Weekly SEA allowances are the same in amount and duration as a qualifying individual's regular UC benefit. Participants in state SEA programs for UC claimants are not eligible for the temporary, now-expired EUC08 program or the permanent EB program, both of which may provide additional weeks of benefits for unemployed workers. As described below in the section on "SEA Expansion Under P.L. 112-96," however, SEA allowances for certain claimants of EB (and EUC08 when it was authorized) may be available in states that have established SEA programs for EB (or EUC08 when it was authorized). State Availability of SEA for UC Claimants In 2013, six states had active SEA programs for UC claimants (authorization for the SEA program in New York is scheduled to expire December 7, 2015). In two of these states, however, there were no SEA participants in 2013. In addition, three states have the authority in law for SEA, but have not established programs. Details are provided in Table 1. Table 1. States with SEA Programs for UC Claimants State Active SEA Program Law Authorizing SEA, but No Active Program Delaware X Louisiana X Maine X Maryland X Mississippi X New Jersey X New York X (expires 12/7/2015) Oregon X Rhode Island X Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 2013 Comparison of State Unemployment Insurance Laws, at http://www.workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/unemploy/comparison2013.asp. Note: Authorization, as well as the current expiration date, for the SEA program in New York is set out under Consolidated Laws of New York, Labor, Article 18, Title 7, §591-a. Barriers to Participation in SEA for UC Claimants Nationally, 6.7% of all workers are self-employed (9.5 million workers). Some studies suggest that workers may be more likely to move into self-employment during economic recessions and to move out of self-employment during periods of economic growth. Yet, as described below, participation in SEA is low. Less than 1% of UC claimants participate in the program; in large part, because few states have active programs. Additional reasons for this low participation most likely include barriers at both the state and individual levels. State-Level Barriers Under current law, no more than 5% of individuals receiving regular UC benefits in a state may participate in the program. The authorizing legislation also requires that a SEA program be budget neutral. State SEA programs may not incur additional costs above what the state would have spent on the regular UC program. Despite this budget neutrality stipulation, states are required to provide entrepreneurial training, business counseling, and technical assistance to SEA participants. Most state unemployment agencies partner with the relevant agency responsible for employment and training programs or Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) to provide SEA training and services. According to one recent estimate, SEA program administration may cost $300-$600 per participant and entrepreneurial program services may cost $200-$1,200 per participant. States must locate non-UC funds to pay for these SEA-specific costs. Thus, not only is participation in SEA capped, but states must seek out their own money to finance program administration and training. Both of these issues likely contribute to low SEA participation rates. Individual-Level Barriers In addition to state-level barriers, there are individual-level barriers that may explain why unemployed workers do not participate in SEA programs, even if they are available. First, SEA participation generally makes workers ineligible for other unemployment benefits (i.e., EB [and EUC08 when authorized], as described above). Therefore, individuals may prefer to access the additional income support rather than participate in SEA. Also, the recent recession and current economic climate provide a challenging environment for starting a new business. As a result of these restrictions and challenges, the number of individuals entering state SEA programs for UC claimants is relatively small. In 2013, there were only 1,701 SEA participants nationwide. Table 2 presents data on SEA participants by state for recent years. Included in this table are three states—California, Pennsylvania, and Washington—that either previously had an active SEA program for UC claimants (WA) or previously had a law authorizing an SEA program for UC claimants but did not have an active program (CA and PA). Table 2. Number of Recent Participants in the Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) Program for UC Claimants, by State, 2000-2013 State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 California 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 1 0 17 43 56 31 21 22 35 13 7 8 7 11 Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maine 98 109 118 202 482 351 252 201 130 158 159 97 90 0 Maryland 26 4,227 22 11 10 0 21 21 15 6 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 491 834 524 486 557 626 632 496 477 429 604 30 6 0 New York 1,654 1,480 1,634 70 475 309 177 369 219 461 599 615 582 782 Oregon 18 278 305 338 166 204 226 295 507 1,011 619 305 828 881 Pennsylvania 229 301 550 147 9 0 0 152 86 46 0 0 0 0 Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All SEA programs 2,517 7,229 3,170 1,297 1,755 1,521 1,329 1,556 1,469 2,124 1,988 1,055 1,513 1,701 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Notes: These numbers come from administrative data provided to the Department of Labor by state workforce agencies. California, Pennsylvania, and Washington are included in this table as states that either had an active SEA program for UC claimants in the past (WA) or previously had a law authorizing an SEA program for UC claimants but did not have an active program (CA and PA). SEA Expansion Under P.L. 112-96 Under P.L. 112-96, states are authorized to set up SEA programs for individuals who (1) have at least 13 weeks of remaining benefit entitlement through the EB program (or EUC08 program, when it was authorized) and (2) are participating in entrepreneurial training activities. To set up a SEA program for EB claimants, states must enact state legislation. In states that establish SEA programs for EB, individuals may not participate unless the state UC agency has an expectation that the individual has a remaining EB entitlement of at least 13 weeks. Because authorization for the EUC08 expired the week ending on or before January 1, 2014 (i.e., December 28, 2013, or December 29, 2013, in New York State), states may no longer set up SEA programs for certain claimants in the EUC08 program. Participation in SEA programs for EB claimants (and EUC08 claimants when EUC08 was authorized) is capped at 1% in each state for each program. SEA benefits available to EB claimants (and EUC08 claimants prior to EUC08 expiration) are paid in the same amount as UC benefits and participants are exempt from any work availability and work search requirements. An individual receiving these SEA benefits may stop participation and receive any remaining EB (or EUC08 benefits when authorized). P.L. 112-96 also provided $35 million in SEA grant funding for FY2012 and FY2013 to be distributed to states based on applications to the U.S. DOL. These funds could have been used for the purposes of establishing or improving administration of SEA programs for regular UC, EB, or EUC08 claimants as well as promoting and enrolling eligible individuals. These grant funds were to be distributed to states with approved applications based on the percentage of unemployed individuals in that state relative to the percentage of unemployed individuals in all states. Assessment of SEA Programs Prior to the authorization of SEA, two self-employment demonstration projects were conducted in the early 1990s in Massachusetts and Washington. Findings from this pilot are generally positive. Researchers concluded that the self-employment demonstration projects increased the likelihood of self-employment and the amount of time participants were employed. In addition, the demonstration evaluation determined that the structure of the Massachusetts program, which became the model for the future SEA program authorization, was a cost-effective approach to promoting reemployment among workers. The most recent, comprehensive evaluation of state SEA programs for UC claimants was completed in 2001. This study provides details on the state SEA programs established between 1995 and 1999 as well as SEA program participants. It also evaluates SEA program outcomes using survey data in three states: Maine, New Jersey, and New York. Based on a group comparison between SEA participants and SEA-eligible (but non-participating) individuals, the study highlights several positive outcomes. First, the analysis concludes that SEA participants were 19 times more likely than eligible non-participants in sample states to be self-employed at any point after their period of unemployment. Second, the study finds that SEA program participants were four times more likely to have obtained any type of employment (i.e., self-employment or wage/salary employment) than eligible non-participants. Finally, SEA program participants reported high levels of satisfaction with self-employment and the training they received as part of the SEA program. The evaluation also has several limitations. Because the study failed to use a randomized, experimental design, the findings may be due not only to the impact of the SEA program, but also to unobserved differences between SEA participants and eligible non-participants. Additionally, this study was conducted during a time of relatively low unemployment in the three target states. Consequently, it remains unknown how SEA program participants might fare under different economic circumstances or state contexts. Although not an analysis of SEA programs specifically, recent results from an evaluation of Project GATE (Growing America Through Entrepreneurship) also shed light on the impact of self-employment support for unemployed workers. Project GATE was a federally funded demonstration project implemented in seven sites in three states (Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Maine) between 2003 and 2005. Designed to help individuals start or expand their own businesses, Project GATE provided self-employment training and other services. Although SEA programs are available only to eligible UC claimants likely to exhaust their unemployment benefits, Project GATE was designed for a wider audience (i.e., anyone interested in starting or growing a small business). Researchers conducted an impact analysis of one subgroup of Project GATE participants composed of recent unemployment benefit claimants in Minnesota, providing a parallel with SEA participants. This analysis finds both positive and negative outcomes for these Project GATE participants. For this subgroup of recent UC benefit claimants, participation in Project GATE increased the probability of owning a business and being employed. Yet, participants in this SEA-like program earned less in wage and salary jobs and earned no more in self-employment than non-participants. Finally, for recent unemployment benefit claimants, Project GATE increased the duration of unemployment benefit receipt by about three weeks. Author Contact Information Katelin P. Isaacs Analyst in Income Security kisaacs@crs.loc.gov, 7-7355