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| Date March 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF11396 |
Title
Updated March 7, 2023 Starting a Federal Regional Commission or Authority The federal regional commissions and authorities are seven congressionally-chartered, federal-state partnerships that were developed to address economic distress in targeted geographic regions. With congressional authorization, new regional commissions could be created in areas of the country not currently serviced. This In ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. R47468 |
Title
U.S. Measures to Provide Liquefied Natural Gas for the European Union March 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47468 SUMMARY U.S. Measures to Provide Liquefied Natural Gas for the European Union R47468 March 6, 2023 Lexie Ryan Since Russia s full-scale invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022, the 27 member countries Analyst in Energy Policy of the ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. R47270 |
Title
FY2023 NDAA: Cyber Personnel Policies Updated March 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47270 SUMMARY FY2023 NDAA: Cyber Personnel Policies Over the past decade, Congress, the Department of Defense (DOD), and other federal agencies have engaged in several initiatives to enhance cyber defense and warfighting capabilities and build a workforce with the technical ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. IN12121 |
Title
INSIGHTi Education Requirements and Skills-Based Assessments in Federal Hiring March 6, 2023 Background College degrees are required as a minimum qualification for some federal jobs. Recently, Congress, the Biden Administration, and the Trump Administration have demonstrated an interest in removing unnecessary education requirements from some jobs and replacing them with skills-based assessments ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10927 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Considers Whether the United States Can Prosecute a Foreign-State-Owned Bank March 6, 2023 The Supreme Court may soon decide whether the United States can prosecute foreign countries and their agencies and instrumentalities in U.S. courts. The United States has accused T rkiye Halk Bankasi (Halkbank) a Turkish state-owned bank whose name translates to the People s Bank ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. R43251 |
Title
Oil and Chemical Spills: Federal Emergency Response Framework Updated March 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43251 Oil and Chemical Spills: Federal Emergency Response Framework Summary Thousands of oil and chemical spills of varying size and magnitude occur in the United States each year. When a spill occurs, state and local officials located in proximity to ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. R46233 |
Title
Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process Updated March 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46233 SUMMARY Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process When Congress considers legislation, it takes into account the proposal s potential budgetary effects. Although this information may come from numerous sources, Congress generally relies on ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. R45784 |
Title
Poland: Background and U.S. Relations Updated March 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45784 SUMMARY Poland: Background and U.S. Relations Over the past three decades, the relationship between the United States and Poland has been close and cooperative. The United States strongly supported Poland s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. IF10720 |
Title
Updated March 6, 2023 Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment The Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25, hereinafter the BCA) established mechanisms to limit federal spending, as well as ways to adjust those limits to accommodate certain priority spending. One of these mechanisms a limited allowable adjustment to discretionary spending limits to pay for the congressionally- ...
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| Date March 6, 2023 |
Report No. IF11880 |
Title
Updated March 6, 2023 Sovereign Debt Concerns in Developing Countries The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and Russia s war on Ukraine has had significant economic and financial consequence for low-income countries. The World Bank estimates that the pandemic pushed 97 million more people into poverty in 2020. Several countries, including Argentina, Russia, and Zambia, have defaulted on ...
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| Date March 3, 2023 |
Report No. IF12187 |
Title
Updated March 3, 2023 Bureau of Land Management: FY2023 Appropriations The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for diverse purposes, including livestock grazing, energy development, recreation, and conservation. The agency also administers ...
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| Date March 3, 2023 |
Report No. R47441 |
Title
Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade March 3, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47441 SUMMARY Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade Ejiao (eh-gee-yow) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is derived from gelatin found in donkey hides. Users of ejiao consider it a blood tonic and may take it to enrich blood, cure anemia, stop bleeding, improve the immune ...
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| Date March 2, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10926 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Statutory Bankruptcy Alternatives: A Roadmap March 2, 2023 In most cases, a bankrupt entity will either liquidate or reorganize under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and the U.S. bankruptcy courts will administer those proceedings. There are, however, certain entities, such as banks and brokerages, that follow a different path when they become insolvent. This Legal Sidebar ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. RL33222 |
Title
U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel Updated March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33222 SUMMARY U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel This report provides an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It includes a review of past aid programs, data on annual assistance, and analysis of current issues. For general information on Israel, see Israel: Background and U.S. ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. R46284 |
Title
COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options Updated March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46284 SUMMARY COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. R47440 |
Title
Water Resource Issues in the 118th Congress March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47440 SUMMARY Water Resource Issues in the 118th Congress Congress has long demonstrated interest in water resource issues; over time, it has enacted hundreds of water-related federal laws and authorized thousands of projects with purposes such as navigation, flood control, and ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. R46118 |
Title
The SBA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loan Pilot Program: Considerations for Congress and Policy Options Updated March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46118 SUMMARY The SBA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loan Pilot Program: Considerations for Congress and Policy Options R46118 March 1, 2023 Bruce R. Lindsay Analyst in American National Government For nearly a century, ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. R44801 |
Title
Stafford Act Assistance and Acts of Terrorism Updated March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44801 Stafford Act Assistance and Acts of Terrorism Summary The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) authorizes the President to issue two types of declarations that could potentially provide federal assistance to states ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. R46963 |
Title
SBA Disaster Loan Interest Rates: Overview and Policy Options Updated March 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46963 SUMMARY SBA Disaster Loan Interest Rates: Overview and Policy Options The Small Business Administration (SBA) is authorized to provide low-interest, long-term disaster loans, either on a direct basis or in partnership with private lenders, to ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IN12120 |
Title
INSIGHTi Large Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Transfer to Ukraine: Issues for Congress March 1, 2023 In mid-2022, Ukraine reportedly requested that the Biden Administration transfer to Ukraine large advanced Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Ukraine argues that access to these weapon systems would improve its air operations against Russian ground forces. In addition, the U.S. Air Force reportedly ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IN11433 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supplemental Appropriations: SBA Disaster Loan Account Updated March 1, 2023 Introduction The Small Business Administration (SBA) Disaster Loan Program provides direct loans to businesses, private nonprofit organizations, and households to help them rebuild and recover from federally certified disasters. The SBA Disaster Loan Program is divided into two loans types: (1) Home Disaster ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF12272 |
Title
March 1, 2023 Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing Many factors influence the prices consumers pay for prescription drugs. Congress has repeatedly attempted to address high drug prices through legislation, including bills that seek to increase generic competition, lower prices for certain health care entities that serve rural and vulnerable populations, and regulate drug price ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10925 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Preemption of State Consumer Protection Laws March 1, 2023 Recent widespread flight cancellations and delays have raised questions about the respective roles of the states and the federal government in protecting airline consumers. In August 2022, a group of 38 state attorneys general sent a letter to Congress arguing that the U.S. Department of ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF12338 |
Title
March 1, 2023 The Federal Patient-Provider Dispute Resolution Process Introduction The No Surprises Act, part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), established various consumer protections, including the prohibition of balance billing consumers in certain situations where an individual can be unknowingly, and potentially unavoidably, seen by an out-of-network provider (e.g., ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF12337 |
Title
March 1, 2023 Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing Many factors influence the prices consumers pay for prescription drugs. Congress has repeatedly attempted to address high drug prices through legislation, including bills that seek to increase generic competition, lower prices for certain health care entities that serve rural and vulnerable populations, and regulate drug price ...
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| Date March 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF12336 |
Title
March 1, 2023 SEC-Proposed Regulations to Reform Stock Trading The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which regulates capital markets, announced four proposed rules on December 14, 2022, to reform the market structure for trading. The proposed regulation affects how stock trading orders are executed, priced, and disclosed. If finalized, these SEC proposals could constitute the most ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2023 |
Report No. IF12142 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2023 Funding for Wildfire Management: FY2023 Appropriations for Forest Service and Department of the Interior The U.S. Department of Agriculture s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across federal lands within their respective jurisdictions. Both FS and DOI generally receive discretionary ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2023 |
Report No. R40175 |
Title
Offshore Wind Energy Development: Legal Framework Updated February 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40175 SUMMARY Offshore Wind Energy Development: Legal Framework Technological advancement, financial incentives, and policy concerns have driven a global expansion in the development of renewable energy resources. Wind energy, in particular, is often cited as ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2023 |
Report No. IG10037 |
Title
This infographic shows how the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has developed its net neutrality policy over the years, often in response to court decisions, and how that policy has interacted with the FCC s regulatory classi cation of broadband service. Regulatory Classi cation of Broadband Service The FCC s ability to adopt net neutrality } Telecommunications Service > Information ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. R47438 |
Title
Federal Credit Assistance and Grant Programs for Rural Businesses: In Brief February 27, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47438 Federal Credit Assistance and Grant Programs for Rural Businesses: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. R45100 |
Title
The 10-20-30 Provision: Defining Persistent Poverty Counties Updated February 27, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45100 SUMMARY The 10-20-30 Provision: Defining Persistent Poverty Counties R45100 February 27, 2023 Joseph Dalaker Research has suggested that areas with a poverty rate 20% or greater experience more acute Analyst in Social Policy systemic problems ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10924 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 21, 2023 Feb. 26, 2023) February 27, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12156 |
Title
Updated February 27, 2023 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2023 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency of the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12335 |
Title
February 27, 2023 Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide House Rule XII, clause 7(c), requires that all bills or joint resolutions introduced in the House include a Constitutional Authority Statement (CAS). No statement is required for simple or concurrent resolutions, neither of which can become law. A CAS identifies Congress s constitutional authority to enact the bill or joint ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF11141 |
Title
Updated February 27, 2023 Employer Tax Credit for Paid Family and Medical Leave Employers providing paid family and medical leave to their employees may be able to claim a tax credit under Section 45S of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). This In Focus (1) provides an overview of the employer credit for paid family and medical leave; and (2) highlights potential issues to consider when evaluating ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12334 |
Title
February 27, 2023 Preventing Improper Payments: Lessons from Using Data Matching in Pandemic Relief Program Oversight For the past several decades, data matching has enabled the use of government data to identify fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement in benefit programs. Data matching is the comparison of different datasets to identify similarities in the records each dataset contains. Matches ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IN12118 |
Title
INSIGHTi Monitoring the Sovereign Skies February 27, 2023 In early 2023, a high-altitude balloon that originated in China transited through U.S. airspace before being shot down by military aircraft off the coast of South Carolina. Soon after, the U.S. military identified, tracked, and, under presidential orders, destroyed three additional unidentified flying objects in Alaska, Canada, and over ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10923 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Ninth Circuit Rules That Federal Arbitration Act Preempts California s Ban on EmployerMandated Arbitration Agreements February 27, 2023 On February 15, 2023, a divided three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Bonta. The court held that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) preempts a California ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R43429 |
Title
Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress Updated February 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43429 SUMMARY Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress R43429 February 24, 2023 Katie Hoover, Coordinator Specialist in Natural Resources Policy The U.S. Constitution grants ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2023 |
Report No. IN12117 |
Title
INSIGHTi Unemployment Insurance Fraud: Background and Recent Data February 24, 2023 This Insight provides background and recent data on fraud within the federal-state Unemployment Insurance (UI) system. Program integrity issues have long been of concern for the permanent-law UI programs. The improper payment estimate for the UI system has been above 10% for 15 of the past 19 years. The Office of ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47435 |
Title
East Palestine, OH, Train Derailment and Hazardous Materials Shipment by Rail: Frequently Asked Questions February 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47435 SUMMARY East Palestine, OH, Train Derailment and Hazardous Materials Shipment by Rail: Frequently Asked Questions R47435 February 24, 2023 Ben Goldman Analyst in Transportation Policy On February 3, 2023, a ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2023 |
Report No. IN12116 |
Title
INSIGHTi 30 by 30: A Two-Year Status Update on E.O. 14008 February 24, 2023 30 by 30 is a global initiative to conserve 30% of the Earth s lands and waters by 2030, which the concept s founding researchers propose would reduce threats to biodiversity, avoid catastrophic climate change and secure essential ecosystem services. Global efforts toward 30 by 30 at various jurisdictional levels have been ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2023 |
Report No. IF11136 |
Title
Updated February 24, 2023 Prior Converted Cropland Under the Clean Water Act For decades, the value of wetlands and efforts to protect them have been recognized in different ways through national policies, federal laws, and regulations. The central federal regulatory program, authorized in Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 404 in 1972, requires permits to discharge dredged or fill material (e.g., sand ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R45770 |
Title
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress Updated February 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45770 SUMMARY The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent federal agency that is charged with helping voters ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R47238 |
Title
Trade-Related Agencies: FY2023 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated February 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47238 SUMMARY Trade-Related Agencies: FY2023 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) This report provides an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2023 |
Report No. IF12333 |
Title
February 23, 2023 Hate Crimes: Key Federal Statutes The Federal Bureau of Investigation characterizes hate crimes as offenses like murder, assault, or arson that are committed because of a particular bias such as prejudice based on the race or gender of the victim. Federal prosecutors have a number of statutory options for charging hate crimes. This In Focus provides a brief overview of the main ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10500 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Regulating Federal Law Enforcement: Considerations for Congress Updated February 23, 2023 Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have raised questions regarding Congress s authority to regulate law enforcement officers. While federalism principles limit the extent to which Congress may pass ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2023 |
Report No. IF10981 |
Title
Updated February 23, 2023 The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC): An Overview The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent federal agency that is charged with helping voters participate in the electoral process and election officials improve the administration of elections. It was established by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA) as part of Congress s response to ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47432 |
Title
Caribbean Trade Preference Programs February 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47432 SUMMARY Caribbean Trade Preference Programs For decades, the Caribbean Basin has been the beneficiary of numerous U.S. trade preference programs that provide temporary, nonreciprocal, duty-free U.S. market access to select imports from eligible Caribbean countries as ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2023 |
Report No. IF11701 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2023 Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Competition in U.S.-Mexico Trade As part of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) negotiation, the United States attempted to resolve ongoing trade imbalances with Mexico for seasonal and perishable fruits and vegetables through rule changes to U.S. trade laws. American negotiators had hoped such changes could make it easier to ...
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