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| Date March 17, 2023 |
Report No. R44065 |
Title
Overview of Health Insurance Exchanges Updated March 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44065 SUMMARY Overview of Health Insurance Exchanges The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) required health insurance exchanges to be established in every state. Exchanges are virtual marketplaces in which consumers and small business ...
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| Date March 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47476 |
Title
Transferring Fighter Aircraft to Ukraine: Issues and Options for Congress March 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47476 SUMMARY Transferring Fighter Aircraft to Ukraine: Issues and Options for Congress Since Russia s renewed invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022, some defense analysts, U.S. defense officials, and Members of Congress have debated whether ...
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| Date March 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47477 |
Title
Reauthorization of Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act March 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47477 SUMMARY Reauthorization of Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act R47477 March 17, 2023 Edward C. Liu Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) generally addresses electronic Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date March 17, 2023 |
Report No. IF12352 |
Title
March 17, 2023 The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) Information technology (IT), or the use of devices like computers for the handling of electronic data, has existed for decades, but has only recently become accessible to many Americans in a health care context. The federal government has tasked the Office of the National Coordinator for Health ...
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| Date March 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47301 |
Title
Veterans-Related Education Legislation Enacted in the 117th Congress Updated March 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47301 SUMMARY Veterans-Related Education Legislation Enacted in the 117th Congress R47301 March 16, 2023 Cassandria Dortch Veterans educational assistance programs provide financial assistance to individuals, whose Specialist in Education ...
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| Date March 16, 2023 |
Report No. R42107 |
Title
The Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA): Workers Compensation for Federal Employees Updated March 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42107 The Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) Summary The Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) is the workers compensation program for federal employees. Like all workers compensation programs, FECA pays ...
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| Date March 16, 2023 |
Report No. IF12349 |
Title
March 16, 2023 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2023 Appropriations Enacted on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328) provided funding for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, including funding for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). P.L. 117-328, Division G, Title II provided a total of $10.14 billion in ...
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| Date March 16, 2023 |
Report No. IF12350 |
Title
March 16, 2023 Repurposing 3.1-3.55 GHz Spectrum: Issues for Congress Wireless technologies use radio waves, or frequencies, to transmit and receive voice and data signals. The radio spectrum is the range of frequencies used for wireless mobile, satellite, television, AM and FM radio, military radar, and aviation communications. Increases in wireless technology use have led to increased demand for ...
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| Date March 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47475 |
Title
Consumer Finance and Financial Technology (Fintech) March 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47475 SUMMARY Consumer Finance and Financial Technology (Fintech) Fintech (short for financial technology) refers to advances in technology incorporated into financial products and services. Many companies both traditional financial firms and new technology-focused ...
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| Date March 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47474 |
Title
Clean Water State Revolving Fund Allotment Formula: Background and Options March 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47474 SUMMARY Clean Water State Revolving Fund Allotment Formula: Background and Options In 1987, Congress amended the Clean Water Act (CWA) to establish the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program. For the past 30 years, the CWSRF ...
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| Date March 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF11106 |
Title
Updated March 15, 2023 Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resource development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction as well ...
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| Date March 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF11495 |
Title
Updated March 15, 2023 Defense Primer: The United States Space Force On December 20, 2019, the United States Space Force (USSF) became the sixth branch of the Armed Forces. The Space Force was established within the Department of the Air Force (DAF) with the enactment of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act ([NDAA], P.L. 11692). The Secretary of the Air Force is responsible for organizing ...
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| Date March 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF12346 |
Title
March 15, 2023 Women, Peace, and Security: Global Context and U.S. Policy In 2000, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) unanimously adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security. The resolution calls on U.N. member states to, among other things, take steps to increase women s participation in peace processes and to protect women from sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47471 |
Title
The Constitution and Race-Conscious Government Action: Narrow Tailoring Requirements March 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47471 SUMMARY The Constitution and Race-Conscious Government Action: Narrow Tailoring Requirements R47471 March 14, 2023 April J. Anderson Legislative Attorney Constitutional equal-protection principles require that state and federal ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10936 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Mar. 6, 2023 Mar. 12, 2023) March 14, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF12345 |
Title
March 14, 2023 Defense Health Primer: TRICARE Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Since the 1950s, Congress has enacted numerous Department of Defense (DOD) health entitlements and benefits under the TRICARE program to support servicemembers, military retirees, and their dependent family members. The Defense Health Agency (DHA) administers the TRICARE program, which offers or pays for a range ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10930 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 1: Introduction March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the first in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional election. During the 117th Congress, ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10934 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 5: Scope of the Amendment March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the fifth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional election. During the 117th ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10931 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 2: The Federal Convention March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the second in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional election. During the 117th ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10932 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 3: Debates over the Constitution s Ratification March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the third in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10935 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 6: Implications for the Article V Amendment Process March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the last in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10933 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 4: Proposal and Ratification March 14, 2023 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress s compensation from taking effect until after an intervening congressional election. During the ...
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| Date March 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF11251 |
Title
Updated March 14, 2023 National Security Implications of Fifth Generation (5G) Mobile Technologies The fifth generation (5G) of mobile technologies will increase the speed of data transfer and improve bandwidth over existing fourth generation (4G) technologies, in turn enabling new military and commercial applications. 5G technologies are expected to support interconnected or autonomous devices, ...
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| Date March 13, 2023 |
Report No. R47296 |
Title
Legislative Branch: FY2023 Appropriations Updated March 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47296 SUMMARY Legislative Branch: FY2023 Appropriations The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (formerly Office of Compliance); ...
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| Date March 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF10215 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2023 Mexico s Immigration Control Efforts Background Migration issues continue to be a high priority for U.S. policy and Congress, particularly as U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has reported record numbers of migrant encounters on the Southwest border. Mexico, like the United States, has struggled to deal with large numbers of migrants, especially families and ...
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| Date March 13, 2023 |
Report No. R47434 |
Title
Banking, Data Privacy, and Cybersecurity Regulation Updated March 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47434 SUMMARY Banking, Data Privacy, and Cybersecurity Regulation Financial data contains significant amounts of sensitive information, and ensuring the privacy of such data among financial institutions is a goal of many policymakers. In particular, Congress ...
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| Date March 13, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10874 |
Title
Legal Sidebari COVID-Related Restrictions on Entry into the United States Under Title 42: Litigation and Legal Considerations Updated March 13, 2023 In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in March 2020 the executive branch invoked statutory powers to impose restrictions on the entry into the United States of certain individuals who are not citizens or nationals of the ...
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| Date March 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12052 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2023 Afghanistan Central Bank Reserves Since the Taliban s August 2021 return to power, Afghanistan has faced an extreme recession and a humanitarian crisis. A U.S. hold on assets of the Afghan central bank (Da Afghanistan Bank, or DAB) deposited in the United States has attracted particular scrutiny from some observers who describe this as one of the most important factors ...
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| Date March 10, 2023 |
Report No. R47466 |
Title
Trafficking in Persons: Grants for Victim Services in the United States March 10, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47466 SUMMARY Trafficking in Persons: Grants for Victim Services in the United States R47466 March 10, 2023 Kristin Finklea Trafficking in persons (TIP), also known as human trafficking, occurs across the United States Specialist in Domestic ...
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| Date March 10, 2023 |
Report No. R45153 |
Title
Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends Updated March 10, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45153 SUMMARY Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends R45153 March 10, 2023 Valerie C. Brannon In the tripartite structure of the U.S. federal government, it is the job of courts to say what the law Legislative Attorney is, as Chief Justice John ...
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| Date March 10, 2023 |
Report No. IF12343 |
Title
March 10, 2023 Term Limits for Members of Congress: Policy and Legal Overview Introduction Legislative proposals for congressional term limits date to 1789. Supporters generally argue that requiring frequent turnover among Members of Congress would make the House and Senate more responsive to, and representative of, constituents. Opponents counter that elections serve as de facto term limits at ...
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| Date March 10, 2023 |
Report No. IF10964 |
Title
Updated March 10, 2023 Made in China 2025 Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) aims to gain a global economic and technology leadership position through a range of state-led industrial and related science and technology (S&T) policies. These policies feature a heavy government role in directing and funding PRC firms to acquire foreign technology ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47431 |
Title
Capital Markets: Overview and Selected Policy Issues in the 118th Congress Updated March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47431 SUMMARY Capital Markets: Overview and Selected Policy Issues in the 118th Congress Capital markets are part of the financial system where entities raise funding from investors by dealing in stocks, bonds, digital asset securities, ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R46911 |
Title
Drought in the United States: Science, Policy, and Selected Federal Authorities Updated March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46911 SUMMARY Drought in the United States: Science, Policy, and Selected Federal Authorities Drought a deficiency of moisture that results in adverse effects occurs to some extent almost every year in areas of the United States. ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R45146 |
Title
Federal Requirements on Private Health Insurance Plans Updated March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45146 SUMMARY Federal Requirements on Private Health Insurance Plans A majority of Americans have private health insurance. Broadly, private health insurance includes group plans (largely made up of employer-sponsored insurance) and non-group plans (i.e., ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47447 |
Title
Bank Capital Requirements: A Primer and Policy Issues March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47447 SUMMARY Bank Capital Requirements: A Primer and Policy Issues Financial regulators at the state and federal levels take a number of measures to ensure the financial health of banks, generally through what is referred to as prudential (or safety and soundness) ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47469 |
Title
Diesel and Fuel Oil: Distillate Supply Issues March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47469 SUMMARY Diesel and Fuel Oil: Distillate Supply Issues Distillate fuel oil, a fuel category that includes diesel and heating oil, is a middle distillate produced by separating crude oil in a refinery. Distillate fuel oil is primarily used for two purposes: (1) as diesel ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47157 |
Title
Overview of FY2023 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated March 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47157 SUMMARY Overview of FY2023 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) R47157 March 9, 2023 Nathan James Acting Section Research Manager This report describes actions taken to provide ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10891 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fifth Circuit: CFPB s Funding Authority is Unconstitutional Updated March 9, 2023 In 2010, Congress established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the CFPB or Bureau) as an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve System. As with other financial regulators, Congress gave the CFPB more independence from political control than a typical Cabinet department. One director, ...
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| Date March 9, 2023 |
Report No. IF11439 |
Title
Updated March 9, 2023 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): A Legal Overview In 1938, Congress enacted the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) to reduce the influence of foreign propaganda circulating in the United States. Anticipating that greater transparency could help achieve these ends, Congress imposed new registration, reporting, and record-keeping requirements on individuals and ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. IN11016 |
Title
INSIGHTi CRS Series: Introduction to Financial Services 118th Congress Updated March 8, 2023 The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has created a series providing an introduction to various financial services issues in the 118th Congress click on any of the In Focus titles below to access a twopager on the topic. In addition, the products are published jointly here. The Regulatory Framework ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. R46480 |
Title
Multifamily Housing Finance and Selected Policy Issues Updated March 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46480 SUMMARY Multifamily Housing Finance and Selected Policy Issues R46480 March 8, 2023 Darryl E. Getter A mortgage is a loan secured by the underlying real estate collateral being financed by the loan. Specialist in Financial Economics Single-family ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. R44729 |
Title
Constitutional Authority Statements and the Powers of Congress: An Overview Updated March 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44729 SUMMARY Constitutional Authority Statements and the Powers of Congress: An Overview On January 5, 2011, the House of Representatives adopted an amendment to House Rule XII to require that a Member state the constitutional basis for ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. R42713 |
Title
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): An Overview Updated March 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42713 The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): An Overview Summary The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) provides workers with minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections. The FLSA covers most, but not all, private and public sector employees. In addition, ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF12341 |
Title
March 8, 2023 Limiting Lead in Public Water Supplies: An Overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s Regulatory Actions Exposure to lead can be harmful to human health, particularly children s health, even at low levels. Lead s adverse health effects have resulted in continued efforts to reduce exposure to lead including through drinking water. Lead primarily enters drinking water after ...
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| Date March 8, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10541 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Termination of Temporary Protected Status for Certain Countries: Recent Litigation Developments Updated March 8, 2023 Certain aliens (as defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)) who otherwise are subject to removal from the United States may stay and work here when the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designates their countries for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) ...
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| Date March 7, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10928 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 27, 2023 Mar. 5, 2023) March 7, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date March 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF10934 |
Title
Updated March 7, 2023 Duplicate Congressional Gold Medals: Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Gold Medals (CGMs) are awarded by acts of Congress to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions, dramatize the virtues of patriotism, and perpetuate the remembrance of great events. First issued by the Continental Congress to General George Washington, the medal is considered one of ...
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| Date March 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF12339 |
Title
March 7, 2023 Copyright Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress Copyright law grants the authors of original creative works a set of exclusive rights in their creations, including the right to prevent others from copying or selling the work without the copyright holder s permission. The U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to create a copyright system to promote the progress of science and ...
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| Date March 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF11959 |
Title
Updated March 7, 2023 The World Bank s Doing Business Report In September 2021, the World Bank announced it was discontinuing its annual Doing Business Report (DBR) after nearly two decades of publication. The DBR attempted to quantitatively measure the ease of doing business in countries around the world, focusing on business regulations and property rights protections. The World Bank canceled ...
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