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| Date May 30, 2023 |
Report No. IN12166 |
Title
INSIGHTi CBP One Application: Evolution and Functionality May 30, 2023 In October 2020, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) launched CBP One, a mobile application and portal for the public to interact with CBP. Its functions differ depending on user type (e.g., carrier, traveler), and its features have evolved since its inception. Cargo carriers use CBP One to schedule appointments for the ...
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| Date May 30, 2023 |
Report No. IF10634 |
Title
Updated May 30, 2023 Office of Government Ethics: A Primer The Ethics in Government Act of 1978, as amended (5 U.S.C. 13121-13126), created the Office of Government Ethics (OGE) to provide overall direction of executive branch policies related to preventing conflicts of interests on the part of officers and employees of any executive [branch] agency (5 U.S.C. 13122(a)). Originally created within ...
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| Date May 30, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10970 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 22 May 28, 2023) May 30, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date May 30, 2023 |
Report No. IF12019 |
Title
Updated May 30, 2023 Executive Branch Ethics and Financial Disclosure Administration: The Role of Designated Agency Ethics Officials (DAEOs) When acting in an official capacity, federal public servants are expected to put the government s interests ahead of their own. Federal laws (e.g., the Ethics in Government Act, 5 U.S.C. 13101-13111) and regulations (e.g., Standards of Ethics Conduct for ...
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| Date May 26, 2023 |
Report No. IF11291 |
Title
Updated May 26, 2023 Introduction to Tort Law The appropriate scope and content of tort law often provoke debate inside and outside of Congress. This In Focus surveys basic tort law principles and identifies pertinent legal considerations for Congress. What Is Tort Law? A tort is an act or omission that causes legally cognizable harm to persons or property. Tort law, in turn, is the body of rules ...
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| Date May 26, 2023 |
Report No. IF12414 |
Title
May 26, 2023 Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART Program The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI), combines funding for multiple agency-wide programs promoting water conservation into a single program the WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage American Resources for Tomorrow) program. The program was formally established in 2010 under DOI Secretarial ...
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| Date May 26, 2023 |
Report No. IF11083 |
Title
Updated May 26, 2023 Medical Product Regulation: Drugs, Biologics, and Devices The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety and effectiveness of drugs, biologics, and devices ( medical products ) pursuant to its authorities under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) and the Public Health Service Act (PHSA). Drugs and devices are approved or cleared under the FFDCA, ...
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| Date May 25, 2023 |
Report No. RL31693 |
Title
U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Updated May 25, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31693 SUMMARY U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 RL31693 May 25, 2023 Barbara Salazar Torreon Senior Research Librarian This report summarizes selected congressional roll call votes related to instances in which U.S. ...
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| Date May 25, 2023 |
Report No. R42951 |
Title
The Oregon and California Railroad Lands (O&C Lands): In Brief Updated May 25, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42951 The Oregon and California Railroad Lands (O&C Lands): In Brief Contents Management of the O&C Lands and Resources ............................................................................. 3 Federal Payments to the O&C Counties ...
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| Date May 25, 2023 |
Report No. R47574 |
Title
Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are the Potential Economic Effects of a Binding Federal Debt Limit? May 25, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47574 SUMMARY Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are the Potential Economic Effects of a Binding Federal Debt Limit? Federal law prohibits the face amount of obligations whose principal and interest are guaranteed by the ...
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| Date May 25, 2023 |
Report No. IF12412 |
Title
May 25, 2023 Venture Capital Operations and Regulation Venture capital (VC) funds are sources of startup financing for early-stage, high-growth firms, such as technology startups. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as of the second quarter of 2022, more than 2,000 VC funds were managing about $330 billion in assets. Although the size of VC investments appears small compared ...
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| Date May 25, 2023 |
Report No. IF12413 |
Title
May 25, 2023 Offshore Energy: Vessel and Crew Nationality Requirements Introduction The 118th Congress is debating whether to further restrict foreigners from working in the U.S. offshore energy sector (i.e., oil, gas, and wind). The offshore wind industry asserts that proposed restrictions in H.R. 2741, the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2023, would threaten development of U.S. offshore wind, ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47573 |
Title
Funding and Financing Highways and Public Transportation Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) May 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47573 SUMMARY Funding and Financing Highways and Public Transportation Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) R47573 May 24, 2023 Robert S. Kirk Specialist in Transportation Policy Congress has ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47572 |
Title
Comparison of Proposed Legislation Concerning Fentanyl-Related Substances May 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47572 SUMMARY Comparison of Proposed Legislation Concerning Fentanyl-Related Substances On February 6, 2018, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued a temporary scheduling order that placed certain fentanyl-related substances (FRS) in ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47018 |
Title
Stop the Presses? Newspapers in the Digital Age Updated May 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47018 SUMMARY Stop the Presses? Newspapers in the Digital Age During the past 20 years, more than 200 local daily newspapers have either reduced their publication frequency or ceased publishing altogether. Among those that survived, many employ a fraction of the ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47571 |
Title
Involuntary Civil Commitment: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Protections May 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47571 SUMMARY Involuntary Civil Commitment: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Protections Involuntary civil commitment refers to the forced hospitalization of persons with serious mental illness (SMI). While this process is generally governed by ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. IF12410 |
Title
May 24, 2023 Oversight of Inspectors General: The CIGIE Integrity Committee The role of inspectors general (IGs) in the federal government makes it particularly important that they operate with integrity and maintain the confidence of government stakeholders and the public. While misconduct by government employees is always a serious issue, the negative impact of such behavior by IGs may be ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. IF12409 |
Title
May 24, 2023 What Is Place-Based Economic Development? The Economic Development Administration (EDA) defines economic development as creating the conditions for economic growth and improved quality of life by expanding the capacity of individuals, firms, and communities to maximize the use of their talents and skills. One strategy for attempting to achieve those goals is placebased economic ...
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| Date May 24, 2023 |
Report No. IF12411 |
Title
May 24, 2023 Fusion Energy The federal government has supported fusion energy research and development (R&D) for decades. In recent years, congressional interest in fusion has grown in response to scientific progress by fusion researchers, the emergence of a growing commercial fusion industry, and hope that future fusion power plants can contribute to the nation s electricity needs without ...
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| Date May 23, 2023 |
Report No. RS22350 |
Title
Railroad Retirement Board: Retirement, Survivor, Disability, Unemployment, and Sickness Benefits Updated May 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22350 Railroad Retirement, Survivor, Disability, Unemployment, and Sickness Benefits Summary The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), an independent federal agency, administers retirement, survivor, disability, ...
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| Date May 23, 2023 |
Report No. IF12405 |
Title
May 23, 2023 Introduction to Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrencies (or crypto) are digital financial instruments exchanged and recorded on public ledgers (known as blockchains) that do not require central intermediaries (e.g., commercial banks, central banks) for clearing and settlement. Users and transactions are public but pseudonymous, which means users identities may be obscured. Initially ...
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| Date May 23, 2023 |
Report No. R47568 |
Title
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues May 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47568 SUMMARY Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Overview and Selected Issues The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) advances high-potential, highimpact biomedical and health research that cannot be ...
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| Date May 23, 2023 |
Report No. R47569 |
Title
Generative Artificial Intelligence and Data Privacy: A Primer May 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47569 Generative Artificial Intelligence and Data Privacy: A Primer Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 What Is Generative AI? ...
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| Date May 23, 2023 |
Report No. IF12408 |
Title
May 23, 2023 Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) Methodology for Temporary Employment of H-2A Nonimmigrants in the United States Introduction The H-2A visa program allows for the temporary admission of foreign workers to the United States to perform agricultural labor or services of a seasonal or temporary nature. (See CRS Report R44849, H-2A and H-2B Temporary Worker Visas: Policy and Related Issues ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47345 |
Title
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2023 Appropriations Updated May 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47345 SUMMARY Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2023 Appropriations This report offers an overview of actions taken by Congress and the President to provide FY2023 appropriations for accounts funded by the Departments of Labor, ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47565 |
Title
Pakistan and Pakistan-U.S. Relations May 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47565 SUMMARY Pakistan and Pakistan-U.S. Relations As of May 2023, Pakistan is in what some observers have called a polycrisis, with serious political instability, an economic balance-of-payments crisis, renewed domestic security and terrorism threats, reduced diplomatic influence, and ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47570 |
Title
The 2022 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Reauthorization May 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47570 SUMMARY The 2022 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Reauthorization R47570 May 22, 2023 Emily J. Hanson Analyst Social Policy The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was originally enacted in 1994 as Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. IF12404 |
Title
May 22, 2023 Nonfederal Levee Safety: Primer, Status, and Considerations This In Focus discusses nonfederal levees, the evolution of federal efforts to enhance nonfederal levee safety since 2007, and related policy considerations. Nonfederal Levees and Risk Levees (i.e., engineered earthen embankments) and floodwalls (i.e., metal or concrete flood control structures) are built to reduce flood ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10968 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 15 May 21, 2023), Part 1 May 22, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10969 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 15 May 21, 2023), Part 2 May 22, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date May 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47562 |
Title
The Takings Clause of the Constitution: Overview of Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Key Topics May 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47562 SUMMARY The Takings Clause of the Constitution and Eminent Domain: An Overview of Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Key Topics R47562 May 22, 2023 Adam Vann Legislative Attorney Government seizure of private property for ...
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| Date May 19, 2023 |
Report No. R47564 |
Title
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2024 May 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47564 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2024 The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering research and development (R&D). Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy ...
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| Date May 19, 2023 |
Report No. R45340 |
Title
Federal Land Designations: A Brief Guide Updated May 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45340 SUMMARY Federal Land Designations: A Brief Guide This report provides a brief guide to selected titles such as national park, national wildlife refuge, national monument, national conservation area, national recreation area, and others that Congress and the executive ...
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| Date May 19, 2023 |
Report No. R44759 |
Title
Lebanon: Background and U.S. Relations Updated May 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44759 SUMMARY Lebanon: Background and U.S. Relations Since having its boundaries drawn by France after the First World War, Lebanon has struggled to define its national identity. Its population then included Christian, Sunni Muslim, and Shi a Muslim communities of roughly ...
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| Date May 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF12403 |
Title
May 19, 2023 Commercial Space Launch and the April 2023 Starship Mishap The commercial space industry, including the launch sector, has been expanding rapidly (see Figure 1). A mishap during a test of a new rocket in April 2023 has drawn congressional attention to issues such as federal regulation and licensing of commercial space launch, safety and liability, and the use of commercial space ...
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| Date May 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF12402 |
Title
May 19, 2023 The SBA s Small Business Development Centers Program Overview The Small Business Administration s (SBA) Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) provide free counseling, training, and resources to small business owners and entrepreneurs. SBDCs operate in partnership with state governments and higher education institutions. This flagship technical assistance program evolved from when ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47561 |
Title
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Electricity Sector: Background, Policies, and Projections May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47561 SUMMARY Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Electricity Sector: Background, Policies, and Projections R47561 May 18, 2023 Jonathan L. Ramseur Specialist in Environmental Policy International negotiations and domestic ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R43872 |
Title
National Forest System Management: Overview and Issues for Congress Updated May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43872 SUMMARY National Forest System Management: Overview and Issues for Congress The 193 million acres of the National Forest System (NFS) comprise 154 national forests, 20 national grasslands, and several other federal land designations. ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47563 |
Title
Tribal Co-management of Federal Lands: Overview and Selected Issues for Congress May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47563 SUMMARY Tribal Co-management of Federal Lands: Overview and Selected Issues for Congress R47563 May 18, 2023 Mariel J. Murray Specialist in Natural In recent decades, congressional interest in federal-tribal collaboration, or ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R46366 |
Title
Single-Employer Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Funding Relief and Modifications to Funding Rules Updated May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46366 SUMMARY Single-Employer Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Funding Relief and Modifications to Funding Rules R46366 May 18, 2023 John J. Topoleski Specialist in Income Security To protect the interests of ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R44954 |
Title
Chevron Deference: A Primer Updated May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44954 SUMMARY Chevron Deference: A Primer R44954 May 18, 2023 When Congress delegates regulatory functions to an administrative agency, that Benjamin M. Barczewski agency s ability to act is governed by the statutes that authorize it to carry out these Legislative Attorney delegated ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. R45825 |
Title
Federal Preemption: A Legal Primer Updated May 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45825 SUMMARY Federal Preemption: A Legal Primer The Constitution s Supremacy Clause provides that federal law is the supreme Law of the Land notwithstanding any state law to the contrary. This language is the foundation for the doctrine of federal preemption, according to which ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10967 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Prosecuting Foreign States After the Supreme Court s Decision in Halkbank May 18, 2023 The Supreme Court s decision in T rkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. v. United States, holding that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) does not provide foreign states immunity from criminal prosecution, cleared some obstacles to the United States effort to ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10966 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Considers Religious Accommodations in the Workplace May 18, 2023 Recent Supreme Court decisions interpreting the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the Religion and Speech Clauses of the First Amendment have strengthened protections for religious activity. The Court has now taken up the question of what constitutes religious discrimination in employment under Title ...
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| Date May 18, 2023 |
Report No. IN12163 |
Title
INSIGHTi Potential Stafford Act Assistance for Migration Activity Updated May 18, 2023 After more than three years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) order directing U.S. immigration officials to expel certain migrants (often called Title 42 ) terminated on May 11, 2023 in concert with the conclusion of different federal emergency declarations. It is too soon to know how this ...
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| Date May 17, 2023 |
Report No. R42917 |
Title
Mexico: Background and U.S. Relations Updated May 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42917 SUMMARY Mexico: Background and U.S. Relations Mexico, the 10th most populous country and 15th largest economy in the world, is bound to the United States by geography and strong economic, cultural, and historical ties. In addition to sharing a nearly 2,000-mile border ...
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| Date May 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47106 |
Title
The Appropriations Process: A Brief Overview Updated May 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47106 SUMMARY The Appropriations Process: A Brief Overview The Constitution states that No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law. This means that the power of the purse must be exercised through the lawmaking process, ...
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| Date May 17, 2023 |
Report No. R45320 |
Title
Campaign Finance Law: An Analysis of Key Issues, Recent Developments, and Constitutional Considerations for Legislation Updated May 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45320 SUMMARY Campaign Finance Law: An Analysis of Key Issues, Recent Developments, and Constitutional Considerations for Legislation R45320 May 17, 2023 L. Paige Whitaker Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date May 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47559 |
Title
Death in Custody Reporting Act: Background and Legislative Considerations May 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47559 SUMMARY Death in Custody Reporting Act: Background and Legislative Considerations R47559 May 17, 2023 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy There are no comprehensive statistics on how many people die in the custody of law enforcement and ...
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| Date May 17, 2023 |
Report No. IN12152 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement Updated May 17, 2023 On March 28, the United States and Japan signed a critical minerals agreement (CMA), which entered into force immediately upon signature without requiring congressional approval. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) stated that the CMA builds on the 2020 U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement (USJTA), a limited trade deal. The ...
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