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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. R44412 |
Title
SBA Disaster Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions Updated August 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44412 SBA Disaster Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions Summary This report responds to frequently asked questions about the Small Business Administration (SBA) Disaster Loan Program. The SBA Disaster Loan Program provides direct loans to help businesses, ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF11825 |
Title
Updated August 8, 2023 Family Office Regulation in Light of the Archegos Fallout In late March 2021, Archegos Capital Management and its investment bank financiers started liquidating huge stock positions, causing significant turbulence in capital markets. The stock sell-offs led to pronounced declines among a number of stocks and left various investment banks with large losses. The developments ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF10666 |
Title
Updated August 8, 2023 The Bahamas: An Overview Political Environment The Bahamas, a Caribbean nation of some 700 islands off the southeast coast of the United States, has been a stable parliamentary democracy since its independence from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1973. The country s bicameral legislature has a 39-seat House of Assembly directly elected for five-year terms and a 16-member ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF11714 |
Title
Updated August 8, 2023 Introduction to Financial Services: The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Congress passed the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (P.L. 73-291) to create the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the wake of the stock market crash in 1929 to help restore confidence in capital markets. The SEC is an independent federal regulatory agency responsible for administering ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF12400 |
Title
Updated August 8, 2023 Short Selling: Background and Policy Issues Short selling generally involves the sale of a stock that the seller does not own (and instead borrows and must return at a later date) with an intent to profit if the stock declines in value. The practice has generated policy attention because of its risks and potential association with market manipulation. This In Focus discusses ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2023 |
Report No. R46110 |
Title
Defining Active Ingredient: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration s Legal Interpretation of Regulatory Exclusivities Updated August 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46110 SUMMARY Defining Active Ingredient: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration s Legal Interpretation of Regulatory Exclusivities R46110 August 8, 2023 Erin H. Ward Legislative Attorney Whether ...
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| Date Aug. 7, 2023 |
Report No. R47648 |
Title
Protection of Undersea Telecommunication Cables: Issues for Congress August 7, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47648 SUMMARY Protection of Undersea Telecommunication Cables: Issues for Congress Commercial undersea telecommunication cables carry about 99% of transoceanic digital communications (e.g., voice, data, internet), including financial transactions. ...
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| Date Aug. 7, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11018 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (July 31, 2023 August 6, 2023) August 7, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Aug. 7, 2023 |
Report No. IN12216 |
Title
INSIGHTi HSA@20 Episode Companion: Border Enforcement August 7, 2023 This Insight accompanies the Border Enforcement episode of The Homeland Security Act at 20 podcast series and includes background information on the issues discussed during the podcast. Click this link to ask questions, provide feedback, or offer suggestions for future topics. You can also email the podcast team at HSA20@loc.gov. ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. R47644 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence: Overview, Recent Advances, and Considerations for the 118th Congress August 4, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47644 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence: Overview, Recent Advances, and Considerations for the 118th Congress R47644 August 4, 2023 Laurie A. Harris Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Artificial intelligence (AI) a term ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. R47645 |
Title
U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils August 4, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47645 SUMMARY U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils R47645 August 4, 2023 Eight U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils (FMCs) jointly manage federal marine fisheries (i.e., those occurring in waters up to 200 nautical miles offshore beyond state or Anthony R. Marshak ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. IF12469 |
Title
August 4, 2023 China and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) has been expanding its diplomatic, economic, and security ties with countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region since the late 1990s. As in other regions, closer political relationships have accompanied the development of commercial ties between the PRC and MENA countries. ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11017 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Rules Bankruptcy Code Abrogates Tribal Sovereign Immunity August 4, 2023 On June 15, 2023, the Supreme Court decided Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v. Coughlin (Lac du Flambeau). The case involved a dispute over lifting an automatic stay in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding, but more broadly presented a conflict between the Bankruptcy Code and ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. IN12214 |
Title
INSIGHTi Israel: Controversy over Judicial System Changes and Proposals August 4, 2023 In July 2023, the Israeli Knesset passed a law to limit the judiciary s use of reasonableness in reviewing government decisions. This law was one of the government s January proposals from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu s coalition to reduce the judiciary s power to check government action. The proposals ...
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| Date Aug. 4, 2023 |
Report No. IF11573 |
Title
Updated August 4, 2023 USDA s SECURE Rule to Regulate Agricultural Biotechnology In May 2020, citing 30 years of evidence, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) published a final rule to revise its regulation of certain genetically engineered (GE) plants and other organisms (85 Federal Register 29790). USDA s Sustainable, Ecological, Consistent, Uniform, Responsible, Efficient (SECURE) rule ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. R43391 |
Title
Independence of Federal Financial Regulators: Structure, Funding, and Other Issues Updated August 3, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43391 Independence of Federal Financial Regulators: Structure, Funding, and Other Issues Summary Conventional wisdom regarding regulators is that the structure and design of the organization matters for policy outcomes. Financial ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. R47643 |
Title
Guam: Defense Infrastructure and Readiness August 3, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47643 SUMMARY Guam: Defense Infrastructure and Readiness Guam is the westernmost U.S. territory in the Indo-Pacific region and is home to about 170,000 U.S. citizens. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) owns about 25% of the land on Guam and maintains a force of about 6,400 ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. IF11080 |
Title
Updated August 3, 2023 Syria Conflict Overview: 2011-2021 Through 2021, conflict in Syria had persisted for a decade, and had displaced approximately half of the country s prewar population. This product provides a historical overview of the conflict through 2021. As of 2023, five outside countries regularly operate in or maintain military forces in Syria: Russia, Turkey (T rkiye), Iran, Israel, ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. IN12212 |
Title
INSIGHTi Expiration of 1915(l) Medicaid State Plan Option August 3, 2023 Background Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, for a diverse low-income population, including children, pregnant women, adults, individuals with disabilities, and people aged 65 and older. Medicaid s ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. IN12213 |
Title
INSIGHTi National Emergencies Act Expenditure Reports August 3, 2023 The President is authorized to declare a national emergency pursuant to the National Emergencies Act of 1976 (NEA; P.L. 94-412; 50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), which enables the President to invoke various standby authorities in response to the declared incident. The NEA also includes presidential accountability and reporting ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11016 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Overview of the Indictment of Former President Trump Related to the 2020 Election August 3, 2023 On August 1, 2023, Special Counsel Jack Smith announced that former President Trump had been indicted by a federal grand jury in the District of Columbia. The four-count indictment alleges that the former President participated in several criminal conspiracies: A conspiracy to defraud ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2023 |
Report No. IF12389 |
Title
Updated August 3, 2023 Russia s Wagner Group in Africa: Issues for Congress Overview The Wagner Group, a nominally private military company (PMC) that the U.S. government has referred to as a proxy military force of the Kremlin, provides security services in several African countries. Wagner affiliates are also involved in mining and commerce, and in propaganda and influence operations. Wagner s ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. R44975 |
Title
The Blue Slip Process for U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations (1917-Present) Updated August 2, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44975 SUMMARY The Blue Slip Process for U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations (1917-Present) R44975 August 2, 2023 Barry J. McMillion Analyst in American The blue slip process used by the Senate Judiciary Committee for ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. R47641 |
Title
Federal and State Courts: Structure and Interaction August 2, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47641 SUMMARY Federal and State Courts: Structure and Interaction In the United States, the federal government and the states each have their own set of laws and their own court systems. Federal and state courts vary in structure, with significant differences between ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. R47640 |
Title
Energy Leasing and Agreement Authorities on Tribal Lands: In Brief August 2, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47640 Energy Leasing and Agreement Authorities on Tribal Lands: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Congressional Concerns ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. IF11219 |
Title
Updated August 2, 2023 Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions The detection of certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in some public water supplies has generated public concern and increased attention to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) actions to respond to PFAS using Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authorities. In March 2021, EPA finalized a ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. R43946 |
Title
Senate Staff Levels, 1977-2022 Updated August 2, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43946 SUMMARY Senate Staff Levels, 1977-2022 The way staff are deployed within an organization may reflect the missions and priorities of that organization. This report provides staffing levels in Senators Senate committee, leadership, and other offices since 1977. From 1977 to ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2023 |
Report No. IF12466 |
Title
August 2, 2023 State Department Passport Services: Background and Issues for Congress Background The U.S. Department of State (State Department, the Department) defines a passport as an internationally recognized travel document that verifies the identity and nationality of the bearer. Congress has vested authority in the State Department to grant, issue, and verify U.S. passports. State ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2023 |
Report No. IN12086 |
Title
INSIGHTi Xylazine: Considerations for Federal Control Updated August 1, 2023 Xylazine is a sedative drug used in veterinary medicine. It is not approved or intended for human consumption. Some drug users intentionally consume xylazine in combination with drugs of abuse, such as illicit fentanyl, to strengthen its effects, while other users are unaware that xylazine is sometimes added to illicit ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF12344 |
Title
Updated August 1, 2023 Russia s Wagner Private Military Company (PMC) Russia uses private military companies (PMCs) to project power globally. These outfits range in size and scope and act as an unofficial (albeit nominally illegal) tool of Russian foreign policy. The most prominent Russian PMC is the Wagner Group, headed by Kremlin-connected businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin. Instead of a single ...
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| Date July 31, 2023 |
Report No. R43325 |
Title
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): An Overview Updated July 31, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43325 The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): An Overview Summary The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requires U.S. transportation fuel to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuel each year. The RFS established by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58; EPAct05) and ...
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| Date July 31, 2023 |
Report No. IN12211 |
Title
INSIGHTi Harmonic Dissonance Synching Up Cybersecurity Regulations July 31, 2023 On July 19, 2023, the Office of the National Cyber Director (ONCD) announced that it will start a process to harmonize cybersecurity regulations and seek regulatory reciprocity. In this pursuit, the White House released a Request for Information (RFI) seeking input from stakeholders on the regulations their industries ...
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| Date July 31, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11015 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (July 24, 2023 July 30, 2023) July 31, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date July 31, 2023 |
Report No. R47638 |
Title
Consol-Type Perpetual Bonds and the Debt Limit: In Brief July 31, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47638 Consol-Type Perpetual Bonds and the Debt Limit: Some History Contents Consol Bonds and Debt Instruments Without Maturity Dates ..................................................... 1 Long Bonds As a Solution to 18th Century Public Finance Challenges ...
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| Date July 31, 2023 |
Report No. IN12208 |
Title
INSIGHTi Public Health Funding and the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 July 31, 2023 The Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (FRA; P.L. 118-5) affects federal public health agencies specifically the nine operating divisions that make up the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in two key ways. First, the law rescinds certain appropriations made ...
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| Date July 28, 2023 |
Report No. R47054 |
Title
Russia s War Against Ukraine: Related CRS Products Updated July 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47054 Russia s War Against Ukraine: Related CRS Products Contents Conflict Developments and Background Issues .............................................................................. 1 U.S. and International Policy Responses ...
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| Date July 28, 2023 |
Report No. R47637 |
Title
Immigration Judge Hiring and Projected Impact on the Immigration Courts Backlog July 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47637 SUMMARY Immigration Judge Hiring and Projected Impact on the Immigration Courts Backlog R47637 July 28, 2023 Holly Straut-Eppsteiner Analyst in Immigration Immigration courts operate within the Department of Justice s Executive Office ...
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| Date July 28, 2023 |
Report No. IF10914 |
Title
Updated July 28, 2023 Trinidad and Tobago Political and Economic Environment Trinidad and Tobago, the second-most-populous Englishspeaking Caribbean country after Jamaica, is located in the southeast Caribbean, just seven miles from Venezuela at its closest point. The country s population is largely of African and East Indian descent, each comprising about 35% of the total, with those of mixed ...
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| Date July 28, 2023 |
Report No. R47581 |
Title
Experimental Populations Under the Endangered Species Act and Gray Wolves Updated July 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47581 SUMMARY Experimental Populations Under the Endangered Species Act and Gray Wolves Section 10(j) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) allows for the establishment of experimental populations of endangered or ...
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| Date July 28, 2023 |
Report No. R47636 |
Title
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Overview and Issues for Congress July 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47636 SUMMARY National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Overview and Issues for Congress R47636 July 28, 2023 Eva Lipiec Analyst in Natural Resources Policy The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. R47235 |
Title
The Congressional Budget Process Timeline Updated July 27, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47235 SUMMARY The Congressional Budget Process Timeline The Constitution gives Congress the power of the purse, granting the House and Senate power over spending, revenue, and borrowing decisions. The Constitution does not, however, specify how, when, and in what order ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF10155 |
Title
Updated July 27, 2023 Somalia Somalia has been plagued by instability and humanitarian crises for decades. After the authoritarian Siad Barre regime fell in 1991, the country was characterized for years as a failed state. The formation of a federal government in 2012 was a turning point, and with international support, Somalia has made progress including battlefield gains since 2022. Among ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12462 |
Title
July 27, 2023 Social Media Algorithms: Content Recommendation, Moderation, and Congressional Considerations Social media plays an integral role in modern life for many. It facilitates the spread of information and serves as a key source of news, entertainment, and financial opportunity. In 2022, over 70% of Americans received some of their news from social media, according to the Pew Research ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IN12206 |
Title
INSIGHTi House-Passed FAA Bill Leaves Existing Reagan National Airport Slot and Perimeter Rules Intact July 27, 2023 On July 20, 2023, the House of Representatives passed Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization legislation H.R. 3935, leaving in place the controversial flight limits (known as the slot and perimeter rules) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA). Whether or ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12407 |
Title
Updated July 27, 2023 Experimental Populations Under the Endangered Species Act Section 10(j) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) allows for the establishment of experimental populations of endangered or threatened species listed under the act and delineates how they are to be regulated. Congress added Section 10(j) to the ESA as part of the Endangered Species Act ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12460 |
Title
July 27, 2023 Tribal Disaster Risk and Selected Federal Resources Overview Many federally recognized tribes are vulnerable to natural hazards and may face particular risks in the face of disasters of increasing severity, frequency, and cost. Congress has authorized specific programs, and appropriated funding, to assist tribes with disaster mitigation, response, recovery, and relocation. This In ...
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| Date July 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12459 |
Title
July 27, 2023 Electric Bicycles (E-Bikes) on Federal Lands In recent years, the sale and usage of electric bicycles (or e-bikes) in the United States has increased rapidly. Although numbers vary, some industry experts estimate that more than 1 million e-bikes were imported to the United States in 2022, making them the fastest-growing segment of the bike market (Business Insider, April 22, 2023). E ...
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| Date July 26, 2023 |
Report No. R47646 |
Title
Stafford Act Cost Shares: History, Trends, Analysis July 26, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47646 SUMMARY Stafford Act Cost Shares: History, Trends, Analysis The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act, P.L. 93288, as amended) confers upon the President a broad set of authorities to alleviate the suffering and damage ...
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| Date July 26, 2023 |
Report No. R47634 |
Title
Belts and Suspenders: Analysis of Large Bank Capital Standards July 26, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47634 SUMMARY Belts and Suspenders: Analysis of Large Bank Capital Standards R47634 July 26, 2023 Andrew P. Scott Analyst in Financial One way regulators ensure that banks operate in a safe and sound manner is by establishing Economics capital requirements ...
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| Date July 26, 2023 |
Report No. R47635 |
Title
The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy: Issues and Options for the 118th Congress July 26, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47635 SUMMARY The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy: Issues and Options for the 118th Congress R47635 July 26, 2023 Emily G. Blevins Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Congress has a longstanding ...
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